Tuesday, September 29, 2009

US Senate Finance Committee Rejects Public Health Care Option



Senate Finance Committee members, from left, Sen. Jay Rockefeller, Sen. Charles Schumer, Sen. Maria Cantwell, 29 Sep 2009




The U.S. Senate Finance Committee has rejected the inclusion of a government-run insurance option in legislation aimed at reforming the nation's health care system.

After hours of debate, the committee Tuesday voted against amendments proposed by Democratic Senators Jay Rockefeller of West Virginia and Charles Schumer of New York to include a public option.

Supporters of the public plan say consumers need a low-cost alternative to private insurance companies. But the plan has encountered fierce opposition from members of the public and from conservative Republicans, who argue that such an option will force private insurers out of business.

Opponents also say the public option would lead to socialized health care in the United States.

The Finance Committee has been considering numerous amendments to a 10-year, $856-billion overhaul plan offered by Montana Democratic Senator Max Baucus, the committee chairman.

He introduced his proposal nearly two weeks ago, after spending several months unsuccessfully trying to negotiate a compromise between a handful of Democrats and Republicans.

The Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, as well as three committees in the House of Representatives, have passed health care reform bills that include an optional government-run insurance plan.

President Barack Obama and Democrats have said they are determined to pass a reform bill before the end of the year.


Source: http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-09-29-voa70.cfm
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Some information for this report was provided by AP, Bloomberg and Reuters.

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8.0 magnitude quake generates tsunami off Samoa islands


A tsunami travel time map and table generated by the United States National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Weather Service West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center shows projected travel times for the effects of an earthquake that the center measured as having a preliminary magnitude of 8.3 occurring in the Samoa Islands Region of the Pacific Ocean on September 29, 2009. The center warns that travel time maps and tables indicate forecasted times only, not that a wave traveling those distances has actually been generated. The center reported that sea level observations indicate a tsunami was generated which may have been destructive along coasts in the source region.
REUTERS/NOAA/NWS/West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center/Handout



WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A powerful 8.0 magnitude earthquake in the Pacific off the Samoa islands region generated a tsunami and waves of more than five feet had already been observed, U.S. government agencies said on Tuesday.

An official of the U.S. National Park Service said there had been deaths in American Samoa, but there was no word on how many people had died.

A tsunami was observed at Apia, Western Samoa, and at Pago Pago, American Samoa, according to the West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, a branch of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The waves at Pago Pago were 5.1 feet above normal sea level, according to the Pacific Western Tsunami Warning Center in Hawaii.

The center earlier issued a tsunami warning for New Zealand, American Samoa and other small Pacific islands.

American Samoa is a tiny U.S. territory that lies about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand. It is home to about 65,000 people.

Holly Bundock, spokeswoman for the National Park Service's Pacific West Region in Oakland California, said "I would say we're alarmed," adding the service had heard from Mike Reynolds, superintendent of the National Park of American Samoa.

Reynolds told a Yellowstone dispatch operator that four tsunami waves, each 15 to 20 feet high, reaching half-mile to mile (1.6 miles) inland on island of Tutuila, where Pago Pago is.

"The National Park of American Samoa visitor center and its offices appear to be destroyed completely," Bundock said.

Reynolds reported deaths but had no confirmation of numbers, she said. "He's completely cut off from the rest of the island," Bundock said.

In the island nation of Western Samoa, some residents told Radio New Zealand they had felt a big jolt and were recommended by authorities to move to higher ground.

"Sea level readings indicate a tsunami was generated. It may have been destructive along coasts near the earthquake epicenter and could also be a threat to more distant coasts," the Pacific warning center said.

Nathan Becker, an official at the center, told MSNBC a tsunami wave can dissipate or grow larger and go all the way across the ocean. "This is why we've issued a warning for a wide area," he said.

The epicenter of the quake was located 120 miles southwest of American Samoa, a remote Pacific island, the U.S. Geological Survey. The USGS earlier said the quake measured 7.9 magnitude. It struck at a depth of 11.2 miles.

HAWAII MONITORS SITUATION

Hawaii was monitoring the situation.

CNN said that if a tsunami hit Hawaii, it would arrive at about 7:18 EDT.

Chevron Corp said it was monitoring the tsunami threat to Hawaii, where the company has a 54,000 barrel per day (bpd) refinery near Honolulu.

"We are currently monitoring the situation via updates provided by local authorities," said Chevron spokesman Sean Comey."

Tesoro Corp did not immediately reply to messages about its 93,500 bpd refinery at Ewa Beach, also on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.

Both refineries provide jet fuel to commercial airlines and the U.S. military complex at Pearl Harbor as well motor fuels.

(Reporting by Stacey Joyce in Washington, Bud Seba in Houston, Jim Christie in San Francisco, Editing by Frances Kerry) Keywords: QUAKE/PACIFIC
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Protests as Guinea protesters shot dead

Protests as Guinea protesters shot dead

Story Highlights

Guinean government rejects reports security forces killed demonstrators

United Nations, citing media reports, said at least 58 people died

African Union expressed its "grave concern" about the situation

Government said most of the innocent victims died after being crushed


updated 24 minutes ago



Police arrest a protester on Monday near a stadium in Guinea's capital Conakry during a protest.






(CNN) -- The Guinean government has rejected reports that security forces attacked and killed demonstrators at a peaceful rally, saying most of the victims were crushed in the crowd.


Police arrest a protester on Monday near a stadium in Guinea's capital Conakry during a protest.

The United Nations, citing media reports, said at least 58 people died Monday when security forces opened fire to disperse a demonstration at a stadium in the capital, Conakry.

Some French news agencies put the toll at closer to 90.

On Tuesday, the African Union expressed its "grave concern" about the situation. "The (AU) Commission strongly condemns the indiscriminate firing on unarmed civilians, which left dozens dead and many others injured, while serious other violations of human rights were committed," the AU stated.

Tens of thousands of people were protesting the rule of Capt. Moussa Dadis Camara, who seized power in a bloodless coup in December, according to U.S.-based Human Rights Watch.

Human Rights Watch also condemned the violence against "generally peaceful demonstrators" and urged the government "to hold accountable the security forces." It quoted victims and witnesses who said security forces sexually assaulted women at the demonstration and also attacked demonstrators with knives and bayonets.

"Women were raped by soldiers in the stadium. I saw them," former Guinean prime minister Sidya Touré told the French newspaper Le Monde. Touré led the country from 1996-1999 and was participating in the peaceful demonstration.

The government maintained in a statement that "according to preliminary investigations, most of the innocent victims died as a result of being crushed in the crowd."

And it blamed "certain political leaders" for staging the demonstration despite being asked not to do so and warned that security could not be guaranteed for the gathering.

The leaders stormed the stadium, "breaking down doors and the main entryways, causing much violence that left dozens of victims, including 53 who died by suffocation and four killed by ricocheting bullets, which were recorded that day by authorities working with the Guinean Red Cross and verified by hospital officials," the government said.

It accused the leaders of looting two police commissaries before the demonstrations, letting prisoners out of jail and stealing weapons.

The government said it condemns "these deliberate acts in violation of the law, and are working to find and bring to justice those responsible for these reprehensible acts."

The AU noted that the violence comes amid serious uncertainties and setbacks in the effort to restore constitutional order to Guinea after the December coup. The AU urged the coup leaders to stick to their vow not to run for office in the January presidential election.

The European Union's foreign policy chief Javier Solana, also condemned the actions of security forces in Conakry on Monday.

Solana called "for the immediate release of the arrested political leaders and call(ed) on the authorities to exercise maximum restraint and ensure a peaceful and democratic transition."

Guinea was thrown into turmoil in December after the death of President Lansana Conte. He was one of only two presidents to rule Guinea, after it gained independence from France in 1958.

Conte came to power in 1984, when the military seized control of the government after the death of the first president, Sekou Touré.

Following his death, Camara seized control in a bloodless military coup and declared himself president of the National Council for Democracy, which he called a transitional body that would oversee the country's return to democracy.


Source: http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/09/29/guinea.protest.deaths/

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Fifty on run after Papua New Guinea prison break


Fifty on run after Papua New Guinea prison




From correspondents in Papua New Guinea September 28, 2009
Article from: Agence France-Presse



MORE than 50 prisoners have escaped from a Papua New Guinea jail after wardens failed to show up for work and police were busy guarding a rugby league match involving the Australian prime minister's XIII, officials say.

Most of the 54 inmates are still at large after fleeing from Bomana Correctional Institution near Port Moresby the day before by making a hole in a steel fence around their cell block, a prisons official said.

"We've got about 50 still on the run," the official said, adding four had been recaptured.

"The situation is still tense there," he said.

The official said the breakout was not discovered for "some hours" because many wardens, who are involved in a pay dispute, had not appeared for work at the prison, which houses some 600 to 700 inmates.

The mass break-out also took place as the Papua New Guinean prime minister's XIII took on the Australian prime minister's XIII in Port Moresby.

"I am not really sure whether any were involved in looking at the match," the official said.

"It was more likely negligence of duty."

Police commander Chief Superintendent Fred Yakasa told The National newspaper the match had left his officers unable to respond quickly.

"We were tied up at a security operation at the rugby league ground, and could not do much," Yakasa told the newspaper.

The prison official was unable to say what offences the escapees had been charged with, but said that 22 had been convicted.





Philippine death toll rises, as new storms brew




By TERESA CEROJANO, Associated Press Writer
Teresa Cerojano, Associated Press Writer – 1 hr 53 mins ago

MANILA, Philippines – The toll from floods in the northern Philippines rose to at least 284 dead or missing Tuesday as bedraggled victims queued up for aid and Typhoon Ketsana roared into Vietnam.

The storm, which struck Manila and surrounding provinces on Saturday, gathered strength across the South China Sea, and claimed at least 23 lives as it made landfall Tuesday in central Vietnam, where 170,000 were evacuated from its path. It was weakening as it headed west into Laos.

Two new storms were brewing in the Pacific and threatened to complicate relief efforts in the Philippines, officials said.

The homes of nearly 1.9 million people in Manila and surrounding areas were inundated in the weekend flooding, the National Disaster Coordinating Council said. Nearly 380,000 people have sought shelter in schools, churches and other evacuation centers.

The council said 246 were confirmed dead late Tuesday, with 38 missing.

Authorities ordered extra police to be deployed to prevent looting in communities abandoned by fleeing residents, as frustration rose among those who have lost their homes or belongings.

Queues of bedraggled victims grew long at hundreds of aid distribution centers as floodwaters subsided further and more people went in search of food, clean water, dry clothes and shelter.

President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's administration — sensitive to criticism it did not give sufficient warning of the deluge or was too slow to respond — conceded it was overwhelmed but said it was doing all it could to help.

Officials appealed for international aid, warning they may not have enough resources to withstand two new storms forecasters have spotted east of the island nation in the Pacific Ocean. One could hit the northern Philippines later this week and the other early next week, although meteorologists say that could change.

Ketsana dumped more than a month's worth of rain in just 12 hours, causing the country's worst flooding in 40 years.

Philippine authorities rescued more than 12,000 people, but unconfirmed reports of more deaths abound, Defense Secretary Gilbert Teodoro said.

Water that reached shoulder-depth in parts of the capital's streets on Saturday had subsided in many areas by Tuesday. People trudged through ankle-deep sludge to reach shelters where volunteers handed out bottles of water and other items. Elsewhere, people used shovels and brooms to begin mopping-up.

Many people complained the aid was too coming too slowly, and was not enough.

Arroyo said those who suffered had a right to complain but appealed to them to understand that the scale of the disaster was huge.

"We're responding to the extent we can to this once-in-a-lifetime typhoon emergency," she said in a statement issued Tuesday.

Arroyo opened part of the presidential palace as a relief center, where hundreds of people queued Tuesday for packets of noodles and other food donated by companies and individuals. At another center, Arroyo's executive chef cooked gourmet food for victims.

Arroyo and her Cabinet said they would donate two months' salary to the relief effort.

But conditions in many hard-hit areas remained squalid.

In the Bagong Silangan area in the capital, about 150 people sheltered on a covered basketball court that had been turned into a makeshift evacuation center for storm victims. People lay on pieces of cardboard amid piles of garbage and swarming flies, their belongings crammed into bags nearby.

Seventeen white wooden coffins, some of them child-sized, lined one part of the court. A woman wept quietly beside one coffin.

The storm left entire communities covered in mud, cars upended on city streets and power lines cut.

The government declared a "state of calamity" in metropolitan Manila and 25 storm-hit provinces, allowing officials to use emergency funds for relief and rescue. Arroyo would issue an executive order within the week declaring a national holiday as "clean up day," the palace said.

The United States has donated $100,000 and deployed a military helicopter and five rubber boats manned by about 20 American soldiers from the country's south, where they have been providing counterterrorism training. The United Nations Children's Fund and the World Food Program have also provided food and other aid.

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Associated Press writer Jim Gomez contributed to this report.



Sunday, September 27, 2009

Which is the great commandment in the law?


34But when the Pharisees had heard that he had put the Sadducees to silence, they were gathered together.

35Then one of them, which was a lawyer, asked him a question, tempting him, and saying,

36Master, which is the great commandment in the law?

37Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.

38This is the first and great commandment.

39And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.

40On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets.

41While the Pharisees were gathered together, Jesus asked them,

42Saying, What think ye of Christ? whose son is he? They say unto him, The son of David.

43He saith unto them, How then doth David in spirit call him Lord, saying,

44The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool?

45If David then call him Lord, how is he his son?

46And no man was able to answer him a word, neither durst any man from that day forth ask him any more


Matthew 22:34-46.


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Saturday, September 26, 2009

Americans Tame Their Wanderlust


Census Bureau statistics show that fewer Americans are uprooting. And when they do move, they're favoring D.C., Alaska and Texas.

NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- Americans have tamed their wanderlust during this recession, according to the latest data released by the U.S. Census Bureau. Only about 2.4% of Americans moved from state to state in 2008, down from 2.5% the previous year.

"The mobility rate is lower than it has been in years," said Robert Lang, a demographer with Virginia Tech University. "There's a recession and a housing bust. People can't sell their homes in California and move to Las Vegas or sell their condo in Florida and move to North Carolina."


"People are hunkering down, trying to hold on to what they have," added Andy Beveridge, a demographer and sociology professor at Queens College in New York. "It's a depression, recession mentality."

Plus, a good portion of the population has reached the age where the charm of a new place is more than offset by the fetters of life and responsibilities. "A large share of the population is at the age where they're settled," Lang said. "The baby boomers have good jobs and most are not ready to retire."

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Shunning the lands of sun and surf
Perpetually booming Florida may actually have fewer people than in 2007.

During 2008, 2.8% of the Sunshine State's population hadn't lived there the year before, and the net domestic migration -- the difference between Americans moving into a state and those moving out -- was negative for the first time in recent history.

Nearly 10,000 more Americans fled the land of the Dolphins and the Devil Rays than moved in, according to the Census. That followed average gains of more than 200,000 a year from 2001 through 2006.

"It looks like the first time in recorded history that Florida lost population," Beveridge said.

(That's slight hyperbole: Florida's population did drop in 1946, in the aftermath of World War II.)

California also saw a decline in the number of people coming to partake of its sand and sea. A mere 1.3% of California residents moved in from out of state in 2008. That's off from 1.4% in 2007.

For years, Americans have been fleeing the Golden State. The population kept growing only because of foreign immigration and births. All through the 2000s there has been a net loss in domestic migration, with 800,000 more Americans leaving than moving in during the three years ended in 2007. As it became more difficult to sell homes, that out-flow eased. That, combined with the newcomers, meant the population fell by only 144,000 in 2008.

The housing bust, and the harm it did to employment, seems to have pushed more people to leave bubble markets like California and Florida than have been drawn in by more affordable home prices.

"The Florida economy is based on growth and home construction," said Lang. With building projects dying on the vine, unemployment soared to 7.6% for the state in 2008. It's now up to 10.7%.

The same job problems plague many California cities, especially Central Valley towns like Stockton, Fresno and Merced. Construction-related job losses helped send state unemployment to 8.7% by December 2008 from 5.9% a year earlier. Today, some cities report breathtakingly high unemployment rates: 30.2% in El Centro; 17.6% in Merced; and 17.2% in Yuba City.

So, where are they moving?
So, if people aren't heading for the good life in California and Florida, where are they going?

D.C., Alaska and Wyoming. (Seriously.)

The nation's capital saw 7.6% of its residents arrive in 2008; Alaska attracted 6% more people to the Last Frontier (up a full percent from 2007); and 5.2% more people wanted to be Wyoming cowboys.

To be fair, however, small populations in these places convert modest in-migration increases into large percentage gains. They're each among the smallest states (or district) in the Union. That's just the opposite of California and Florida where each percentage point represents hundreds of thousands of people.

Don't mess with Texas
In terms of net migration -- those moving in minus those leaving -- Texas was the star performer in 2008, with the population growing by 140,000.

That meshes with what moving company Allied Van Lines experienced. "We moved more people here than anywhere in the U.S. in the last several years," said David King, general manager of Berger Transfer and Storage in Houston, Texas, and Allied Van Lines' largest booking and hauling agent.

The moving company recorded 5,891 inbound shipments and 3,988 outbound shipments in 2008, a net gain of 1,903. That was just slightly lower than last year's net gain of 2,041.

That influx may be due to the state's employment picture, which has remained rosier than most other places thanks to the energy industry and a welcoming business climate. Plus, home prices never cycled through a boom-bust period: They've remained affordable, which facilitates mobility.

In contrast, battered Michigan, with its housing and job woes, was the least-popular place to move to. The state experienced a net loss of 109,000 people, or 1.1%, in 2008, according to the Census. Allied said its outbound shipments totaled 2,388, more than double its inbound shipments of 1,181.

New York State lost even more people than Michigan -- 126,000 people -- but because it has a larger population to begin with, the percentage drop is just 0.7%, almost identical to New Jersey's.

Moving down the block
The Census Bureau also reported that fewer residents were moving within their home states.

The percentage of people who lived in different homes within the same state dropped to 12.6% during 2008. It was 12.8% in 2007 and 13% in 2005, when housing markets were hopping.

The decline came despite a boost in the number of people forced to move. More than 860,000 delinquent mortgage borrowers lost homes to foreclosure in 2008, about three times as many as in 2005.

More Alaskans moved within the state during 2008 than any other place; 16.3% of them occupied a different house. That increased from 14.6% in 2007.

Oklahoma (15.8%), Nevada (15.7%) and Texas (15.2%) residents also moved around a lot.

New Jersey residents, if they weren't leaving the state altogether, stayed put: 8.2% of them moved within the state during 2008.

There must be something about the Northeast: Only 9.1% of New Yorkers moved within the state, while Rhode Islanders and New Hampshire residents moved at a rate of 9.2%.





Apocalypse Now: Floods, Tornadoes, Locusts

Weather of Biblical Proportions Sets Off Debate Among Theologians and Scientists
By SUSAN DONALDSON JAMES

June 12, 2008

In the beginning, God created heaven and Earth, and he saw that it was good. So begins the Book of Genesis, the dramatic opener of the Old Testament.




Though tsunamis, hurricanes and heat waves may not be punishment from the gods, history teaches that physical events can trigger social upheaval.
(ABC News Photo Illustration)

But things went downhill from there.

God's wrath seems at work these days, as the heavens and Earth have unleashed earthquakes in China, a cyclone in Burma, killer tornadoes and record floods across the U.S. and even a plague of locusts (cicadas) in New England.

In Cedar Rapids, Iowa today, floodwaters forced the evacuation of a downtown hospital after residents of more than 3,000 homes fled for higher ground. A railroad bridge collapsed, and 100 city blocks were underwater.

"We're just kind of at God's mercy right now, so hopefully people that never prayed before this, it might be a good time to start," Linn County Sheriff Don Zeller said this week as record floods hit the Midwest. "We're going to need a lot of prayers and people are going to need a lot of patience and understanding."

By the final Book of Revelation in the New Testament, the Earth suffers "Seven Plagues" -- from disease to "intense heat" and drought, then finally a shower of deadly hailstones.

And then comes the Apocalypse, the final judgment of man and destruction of the world by fire.

Biblical imagery is all over the news these days — even including a story last week of a New York baby being enwrapped by a snake in its crib, harking back to evil lurking in the Garden of Eden.

[There was a practical explanation: the non-poisonous snake had embedded itself in a mattress shipped by Toys 'R' Us from California.]

Most theologians and scientists don't take seriously warnings that the end of the world is nigh. But many reputable scholars do lend some credence to the notion that the world is in for some kind of disaster, be it meteorological, ecological or geopolitical.

ABC News will air a dramatic two-hour broadcast in September, Earth 2100, bringing the greatest minds across the globe together to tell us what we must do to survive the next century. And what may happen if we don't.

Though tsunamis, hurricanes and heat waves may not be punishment from God, history teaches that events in the physical world trigger upheaval in society. Civilizations have risen and fallen over drought, famine and water wars.

"Only wild-eyed fundamentalists would think that recent weather phenomena have any theological significance," said John P. Meier, a New Testament scholar and professor at Notre Dame in Indiana. "The Earth has seen and will see much worse in recorded history."

The Apocalypse is rooted in the Judeo-Christian tradition, but end-of-the-world stories are also woven through some Hindu and Islamic beliefs. One Catholic University spokesman described it as "the magical mystery tour of the Bible," filled with vivid imagery: a beast-like antichrist, an angry God and the destruction of the world by fire.

Modern millennialists and eschatologists -- including Yisrayl "Buffalo Bill" Hawkins, the founder of the House of Yahweh religious sect located on a 44-acre compound outside Abilene, Texas, who predicted (incorrectly) the end of the world yesterday, June 12 — have been forecasting Doomsday for decades.


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Source:http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/Weather/story?id=5062583&page=1


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No Martyrs After Probation Closes


He shall call upon me, and I will answer him: I will be with him in trouble; I will deliver him, and honour him. Ps. 91:15.


The people of God will not be free from suffering; but while persecuted and distressed, while they endure privation and suffer for want of food they will not be left to perish. . . .

Yet to human sight it will appear that the people of God must soon seal their testimony with their blood as did the martyrs before them. They themselves begin to fear that the Lord has left them to fall by the hand of their enemies. It is a time of fearful agony. Day and night they cry unto God for deliverance. . . .

The eye of God, looking down the ages, was fixed upon the crisis which His people are to meet, when earthly powers shall be arrayed against them. Like the captive exile, they will be in fear of death by starvation or by violence. But the Holy One who divided the Red Sea before Israel, will manifest His mighty power and turn their captivity. "They shall be mine, saith the Lord of hosts, in that day when I make up my jewels; and I will spare them, as a man spareth his own son that serveth him." Malachi 3:17. If the blood of Christ's faithful witnesses were shed at this time, it would not, like the blood of the martyrs, be as seed sown to yield a harvest for God. Their fidelity would not be a testimony to convince others of the truth; for the obdurate heart has beaten back the waves of mercy until they return no more. If the righteous were now left to fall a prey to their enemies, it would be a triumph for the prince of darkness. Says the psalmist: "In the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion: in the secret of his tabernacle shall he hide me." Psalm 27:5. Christ has spoken: "Come, my people, enter thou into thy chambers, and shut thy doors about thee: hide thyself as it were for a little moment, until the indignation be overpast. For, behold, the Lord cometh out of his place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity." Isaiah 26:20, 21. Glorious will be the deliverance of those who have patiently waited for His coming and whose names are written in the book of life.



Marantha, E.G. White, pp.277.
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In a Little While We're Going Home


1
Let us sing a song that will cheer us by the way,
In a little while we're going home;
For the night will end in the everlasting day,
In a little while we're going home.

Refrain
In a little while, In a little while,
We shall cross the billow's foam;
We shall meet at last, When the stormy winds are past,
In a little while we're going home.

2
We will do the work that our hands may find to do,
In a little while we're going home;
And the grace of God will our daily strength renew,
In a little while we're going home.

3
We will smooth the path for some weary, way-worn feet,
In a little while we're going home;
And may loving hearts spread around an influence sweet!
In a little while we're going home.

4
There's a rest beyond, there's relief from every care,
In a little while we're going home;
And no tears shall fall in that city bright and fair,
In a little while we're going home.




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COMPOSER
Eliza E. Hewitt

AUTHOR
Eliza E. Hewitt



MIDI FILE
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PIANO
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CONTRIBUTOR
Pablo Aguilar

Friday, September 25, 2009

Original Sin


Author: Ron Spear


Original Sin



What is this Catholic doctrine exposed in the Catholic Church? We must turn to Scripture and Spirit of Prophecy:

“For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life. And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement. Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned.” Romans 5:10-12.

The question we must answer—Are we sinners because of Adam’s sin? But we are not guilty of Adam’s sin.

“Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam’s transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come. But not as the offence, so also is the free gift. For if through the offence of one many be dead, much more the grace of God, and the gift by grace, which is by one man, Jesus Christ, hath abounded unto many. And not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift: for the judgment was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto justification. For if by one man’s offence death reigned by one; much more they which receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness shall reign in life by one, Jesus Christ. Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life. For as by one man’s disobedience many were made sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous. Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound. But where sin abounded, grace did much more abound.” Romans 5:14-20.

What we must understand is the original sin doctrine is Catholic—St. Augustine from the 4th and 5th century was a very immoral theologian. He could not control his passions, so he developed a doctrine saved in sinning, placing Christ’s nature before the fall of Adam. This doctrine was adopted by the Catholic Church. This unscriptural doctrine places every baby born into the world guilty of the sins of Adam.

“Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, it shall die. . . . Now, lo, if he beget a son, that seeth all his father’s sins which he hath done, and considereth, and doeth not such like, That hath not eaten upon the mountains, neither hath lifted up his eyes to the idols of the house of Israel, hath not defiled his neighbour’s wife, Neither hath oppressed any, hath not withholden the pledge, neither hath spoiled by violence, but hath given his bread to the hungry, and hath covered the naked with a garment, That hath taken off his hand from the poor, that hath not received usury nor increase, hath executed my judgments, hath walked in my statutes; he shall not die for the iniquity of his father, he shall surely live. As for his father, because he cruelly oppressed, spoiled his brother by violence, and did that which is not good among his people, lo, even he shall die in his iniquity.” Ezekiel 18:4, 14-18.

The soul that sinneth it shall die.

We are only guilty of the sins we commit.

“Again, when I say unto the wicked, Thou shalt surely die; if he turn from his sin, and do that which is lawful and right; If the wicked restore the pledge, give again that he had robbed, walk in the statutes of life, without committing iniquity; he shall surely live, he shall not die. None of his sins that he hath committed shall be mentioned unto him: he hath done that which is lawful and right; he shall surely live. Yet the children of thy people say, The way of the Lord is not equal: but as for them, their way is not equal. When the righteous turneth from his righteousness, and committeth iniquity, he shall even die thereby.” Ezekiel 33:14-18.

To immortalize Mary the mother of Jesus so Christ would not receive the heritage of Abraham and David, they gave her immaculate conception of Christ. We find such a doctrine.

The Heritage Of Fallen Human Beings

“Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh.” Romans 1:3.

“For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh.” Romans 8:3.

“Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God: But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross.” Philippians 2:5-8.

“Forasmuch then as the children are partakers of flesh and blood, he also himself likewise took part of the same; that through death he might destroy him that had the power of death, that is, the devil.” Hebrews 2:14.

A child is accountable to God when he understands right and wrong—when he is disobedient to mother and father; when he is disobedient to the rules of the home.

All have sinned and come short of the glory of God.

“Therefore by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in his sight: for by the law is the knowledge of sin.” Romans 3:20.

“Because the law worketh wrath: for where no law is, there is no transgression.” Romans 4:15.

“Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law: for sin is the transgression of the law.” 1 John 3:4.

Was Jesus Christ’s like fallen human beings?

“For as by one man’s disobedience many were made sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous. Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound. But where sin abounded, grace did much more abound.” Romans 5:19-20.

Because of Adam’s sin we have weaknesses to sin. It is our heritage from Adam, yes, Abraham and David.

“But not as the offence, so also is the free gift. For if through the offence of one many be dead, much more the grace of God, and the gift by grace, which is by one man, Jesus Christ, hath abounded unto many. And not as it was by one that sinned, o is the gift: for the judgment was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto justification. For if by one man’s offence death reigned by one; much more they which receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness shall reign in life by one, Jesus Christ. Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life.” Romans 5:15-18.

Christ died for all sinners, so that they could accept Christ and His sacrifice—atonement—by obedient living in Christ by the power of the Holy Spirit, they are accounted righteous, justified and now the Holy Spirit is in charge of the life and sanctification will continue to hold them in the experience of justification. To show the fallen sinners how to overcome all sin, we must remember Christ was a perfect overcomer in God’s perfect plan of salvation. In every generation He would find a few who would be obedient to all truth without compromising with sin. His sacred plan is revealed in the following inspired statements:

“Christ came to the world to counteract Satan’s falsehood that God had made a law which men could not keep. Taking humanity upon Himself, He came to this earth, and by a life of obedience showed that God has not made a law that man cannot keep. He showed that it is possible for man perfectly to obey the law. Those who accept Christ as their Saviour, becoming partakers of His divine nature, are enabled to follow His example, living in obedience to every precept of the law. Through the merits of Christ, man is to show by his obedience that he could be trusted in heaven.” Faith I Live By, 114.

“By His perfect obedience He has made it possible for every human being to obey God’s commandments. When we submit ourselves to Christ, the heart is united with His heart, the will is merged in His will, the mind becomes one with His mind, the thoughts are brought into captivity to Him; we live His life. This is what it means to be clothed with the garment of His righteousness.” Christ’s Object Lessons, 312.

See The Desire of Ages, 49, 112, 117.

Can Sinners Stop Sinning?—Yes

“And ye know that he was manifested to take away our sins; and in him is no sin. Whosoever abideth in him sinneth not: whosoever sinneth hath not seen him, neither known him. Little children, let no man deceive you: he that doeth righteousness is righteous, even as he is righteous. He that committeth sin is of the devil; for the devil sinneth from the beginning. For this purpose the Son of God was manifested, that he might destroy the works of the devil. Whosoever is born of God doth not commit sin; for his seed remaineth in him: and he cannot sin, because he is born of God. In this the children of God are manifest, and the children of the devil: whosoever doeth not righteousness is not of God, neither he that loveth not his brother.” 1 John 3:5-10.

“We can overcome. Yes; fully, entirely. Jesus died to make a way of escape for us, that we might overcome every evil temper, every sin, every temptation, and sit down at last with Him.” Testimonies, vol. 1, 144.

“To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honour and immortality, eternal life: But unto them that are contentious, and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath, Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile; But glory, honour, and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile.” Romans 2:7-10.

In every generation there was only a few according to the population in every generation.

How do God chose His chosen people?—By obedience, justification and sanctification.

“None are so vile, none have fallen so low, as to be beyond the working of this power. In all who will submit themselves to the Holy Spirit a new principle of life is to be implanted; the lost image of God is to be restored in humanity.” Christ’s Object Lessons, 96.

“True obedience is the outworking of a principle within. It springs from the love of righteousness, the love of the law of God. The essence of all righteousness is loyalty to our Redeemer. This will lead us to do right because it is right—because right doing is pleasing to God.” Ibid., 97-98.

“By the power of the Holy Spirit the moral image of God is to be perfected in the character. We are to be wholly transformed into the likeness of Christ. . . . Unless the early showers have done their work, the latter rain can bring no seed to perfection.” Testimonies to Ministers, 506.

“And only those who live the life of Christ are His co-workers. If one sin is cherished in the soul, or one wrong practice retained in the life, the whole being is contaminated. The man becomes an instrument of unrighteousness.” The Desire of Ages, 313.

“Even one wrong trait of character, one sinful desire, persistently cherished, will eventually neutralize all the power of the gospel. Every sinful indulgence strengthens the soul’s aversion to God.” Steps to Christ, 34.

“Confession will not be acceptable to God without sincere repentance and reformation. There must be decided changes in the life; everything offensive to God must be put away.” Ibid., 39.

In conclusion, we must see the only way that God can be sure there will never be another great controversy is by carefully examining every soul to make sure all the rebellion has been removed from the soul in perfect overcoming in Christ, by the Holy Spirit’s power.

Every one saved has proved to God, Christ, angels, and to the unfallen worlds that we are safe to save. It is not what we have done, but what we have allowed Christ and His Spirit to work in us. These inspired statements will help us to understand the great victory that we can have in Christ.

“When self is merged in Christ, love springs forth spontaneously. The completeness of Christian character is attained when the impulse to help and bless others springs constantly from within—when the sunshine of heaven fills the heart and is revealed in the countenance.” Christ’s Object Lessons, 384.

“God’s work of refining and purifying must go on until His servants are so humbled, so dead to self, that, when called into active service, their eye will be single to His glory. . . . God brings men over the ground again and again, increasing the pressure until perfect humility and a transformation of character bring them into harmony with Christ and the spirit of heaven, and they are victors over themselves.” Testimonies, vol. 4, 86.

“The soul is never safe unless it is under the divine guidance. Then it will be led into all truth. The word of Christ will fall with living power upon obedient hearts; and through the application of divine truth the perfect image of God will be reproduced, and in heaven it will be said: ‘Ye are complete in Him.’ ” Ibid., vol. 6, 167.

“Many fail of imitating our holy Pattern because they study so little the definite features of that character. So many are full of busy plans, always active; and there is no time or place for the precious Jesus to be a close, dear companion. They do not refer every thought and action to Him, inquiring: ‘Is this the way of the Lord?’ If they did they would walk with God, as did Enoch.” Ibid. 393.

We must understand that the original sin doctrine of Catholicism is responsible and has been accepted by most of the Evangelical churches. This has disturbed God’s plan of salvation.

This has developed the great apostasy in the Christian world:

1. The idea that all you do is believe on the Lord Jesus

2. It is also responsible for the idea that the sacred law of God cannot be kept.

3. Obedience to the law is not necessary.

4. It is also responsible for Sunday worship instead of the true Sabbath.

5. It will then be responsible for the Sunday laws when they are enacted into law. When our government shall reach across the gulf to grasp the hand of the papacy and join hands with spiritualism.

6. It also destroys the need for victory over all sin and temptation.

“By the decree enforcing the institution of the papacy in violation of the law of God, our nation will disconnect herself fully from righteousness. When Protestantism shall stretch her hand across the gulf to grasp the hand of the Roman power, when she shall reach over the abyss to clasp hands with spiritualism, when, under the influence of this threefold union, our country shall repudiate every principle of its Constitution as a Protestant and republican government, and shall make provision for the propagation of papal falsehoods and delusions, then we may know that the time has come for the marvelous working of Satan and that the end is near.

“As the approach of the Roman armies was a sign to the disciples of the impending destruction of Jerusalem, so may this apostasy be a sign to us that the limit of God’s forbearance is reached, that the measure of our nation’s iniquity is full, and that the angel of mercy is about to take her flight, never to return. The people of God will then be plunged into those scenes of affliction and distress which prophets have described as the time of Jacob’s trouble. The cries of the faithful, persecuted ones ascend to heaven. And as the blood of Abel cried from the ground, there are voices also crying to God from martyrs’ graves, from the sepulchers of the sea, from mountain caverns, from convent vaults: ‘How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost Thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?’

“The Lord is doing His work. All heaven is astir. The Judge of all the earth is soon to arise and vindicate His insulted authority. The mark of deliverance will be set upon the men who keep God’s commandments, who revere His law, and who refuse the mark of the beast or of his image.” Testimonies, vol. 5, 451-452.

This final generation will quickly bring this nation into national ruin.

“Ch. 14:9-12. Men in Authority to Hear—God is going to bring around a condition of things where the good men and the men in authority will have an opportunity to know what is truth indeed. And because a people will not bow the knee to the image, and receive the mark of the beast in the hand or the forehead, but will stand to the truth because it is truth, there will be oppression, and an attempt to compel the conscience; but those who have known the truth will be afraid to yield to the powers of darkness. God has a people who will not receive the mark of the beast in their right hand or in their forehead. . . .

“Not a move has been made in exalting the idol sabbath, in bringing around Sunday observance through legislation, but Satan has been behind it, and has been the chief worker; but the conscience should not be compelled even for the observance of the genuine Sabbath, for God will accept only willing service (Review and Herald, April 15, 1890).

“The Law of God Made Void—A time is coming when the law of God is, in a special sense, to be made void in our land. The rulers of our nation will, by legislative enactments, enforce the Sunday law, and thus God’s people be brought into great peril. When our nation, in its legislative councils, shall enact laws to bind the consciences of men in regard to their religious privileges, enforcing Sunday observance, and bringing oppressive power to bear against those who keep the seventh-day Sabbath, the law of God will, to all intents and purposes, be made void in our land; and national apostasy will be followed by national ruin (Review and Herald, December 18, 1888).

“Contempt for the Great Lawgiver—The sins of the world will have reached unto heaven when the law of God is made void; when the Sabbath of the Lord is trampled in the dust, and men are compelled to accept in its stead an institution of the papacy through the strong hand of the law of the land. In exalting an institution of man above the institution ordained of God, they show contempt for the great Lawgiver, and refuse His sign or seal (Review and Herald, November 5, 1889).

“Prepared for Injustice—As Christ was hated without cause, so will His people be hated because they are obedient to the commandments of God. If He who was pure, holy, and undefiled, who did good and only good in our world, was treated as a base criminal and condemned to death, His disciples must expect but similar treatment, however faultless may be their life and blameless their character.

“Human enactments, laws manufactured by satanic agencies under a plea of goodness and restriction of evil, will be exalted, while God’s holy commandments are despised and trampled underfoot. And all who prove their loyalty by obedience to the law of Jehovah must be prepared to be arrested, to be brought before councils that have not for their standard the high and holy law of God (Review and Herald, December 26, 1899).

“(2 Thessalonians 2:3-4.) Living in a Momentous Period—We are living in a momentous period of this earth’s history. The great conflict is just before us. We see the world corrupted under the inhabitants thereof. The man of sin has worked with a marvelous perseverance to exalt the spurious sabbath, and the disloyal Protestant world has wondered after the beast, and has called obedience to the Sabbath instituted by Jehovah disloyalty to the laws of the nations. Kingdoms have confederated to sustain a false sabbath institution, which has not a word of authority in the oracles of God (Review and Herald, February 6, 1900).

“(Ch. 7:2, 3). The Question Before Us Now—The Sabbath question is to be the issue in the great final conflict, in which all the world will act a part. Men have honored Satan’s principles above the principles that rule in the heavens. They have accepted the spurious sabbath, which Satan has exalted as the sign of his authority. But God has set His seal upon His royal requirement. Each Sabbath institution, both true and false, bears the name of its author, an ineffaceable mark that shows the authority of each.

“The great decision now to be made by every one is, whether he will receive the mark of the beast and his image, or the seal of the living and true God (Signs of The Times, March 22, 1910)

“Mark of Beast Not Yet Applied—Sundaykeeping is not yet the mark of the beast, and will not be until the decree goes forth causing men to worship this idol sabbath. The time will come when this day will be the test, but that time has not come yet (Manuscript 118, 1899).

Chapter 14:1-3. See EGW on Revelation 7:2-3. 1-4 (chapter 7:2-4; Ezekiel 9:4; see EGW on Ephesians 4:30). A Mark of Character—[Revelation 14:1-4 quoted.] This scripture represents the character of the people of God for these last days (Manuscript 139, 1903).” The Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, vol. 7, 976-977.

Persecution will rage on a scale predicted in Scripture. See Daniel chapter 12.

The end of this world will come and the wrath of God will be poured out on this wicked world and the wicked cities and churches that have rejected God’s sacred law.

Making void the law of God brings the wrath of God.

“It is time for thee, LORD, to work: for they have made void thy law.” Psalms 119:126.

“And the kings of the earth, and the great men, and the rich men, and the chief captains, and the mighty men, and every bondman, and every free man, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the mountains; And said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and hide us from the face of him that sitteth on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb: For the great day of his wrath is come; and who shall be able to stand?” Revelation 6:15-17.

God’s Final Appeal

“Wherefore take unto you the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand.” Ephesians 6:13.



—Pastor Ron Spear
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Our Redeemer - The Theme of Prophecy


Someone Cares Series
Information Brochure No. 17

Our Redeemer -
The Theme of Prophecy


Introduction


Multitudes today are losing faith in Jesus. How can we KNOW that He was the Saviour of the world? We can know because of the Old Testament prophecies.

1. What did Jesus show was the theme of the Old Testament prophecies?
"Then he said unto them, O fools, and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken: Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and to enter into his glory? And beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself" (Luke 24:25-27).

The great themes of the Old Testament were misapprehended and misinterpreted. Christ's work was to expound the truth which had not been understood by those to whom they had been given. The prophets had made the statements, but the spiritual import of what they had written was undiscovered by them. They did not see the meaning of the truth. Jesus reproved His disciples for their slowness of comprehension.

He maintained His disguise till He had interpreted the Scriptures and had led them to an intelligent faith in His life, His character, His mission to earth, and His death and resurrection. He wished the truth to take firm root in their minds, not because it was supported by His personal testimony, but because the typical law and the prophets of the Old Testament, agreeing with facts of His life and death, presented unquestionable evidence of that truth.

2. In what city did the Old Testament say Jesus was to be born?
"But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting" (Micah 5:2).

At the time of Christ's first advent the priests and scribes of the Holy City, to whom were entrusted the oracles of God, might have discerned the signs of the times and proclaimed the coming of the Promised One. The prophecy of Micah designated His birthplace. Even the very place of His birth and the time of His appearance were minutely specified. The son of David must be born in David's city.

3. Was there also a specific time when Jesus was to appear?
"But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law," (Galatians 4:4).

Before the world was made it was arranged that the divinity of Christ should be enshrouded in humanity. "A body," said Christ, "Thou has prepared for me" (Hebrews 10:5). But He did not come in human form until the fullness of time had expired, until all the years of the prophecy had gone by.

4. When was that time to be?
"Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy. Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times" (Daniel 9:24, 25).

Through His chosen agencies God will graciously make known His purposes. Then the grand work of redemption will go forward. This is what Gabriel revealed to Daniel in answer to fervent prayer. He was to bring in everlasting deliverance to all who would walk after Him.

The time of the first advent and of some of the chief events clustering about the Saviour's lifework was made known by the angel Gabriel to Daniel.

5. Sixty-nine weeks is 483 days. In symbolic prophecy, what does a day represent?
"And when thou hast accomplished them, lie again on thy right side, and thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house of Judah forty days: I have appointed thee each day for a year" (Ezekiel 4:6).

A day in prophecy stands for a year. The seventy weeks, or four hundred and ninety days, represent four hundred and ninety years. A starting point for this period is given. "Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and three score and two weeks" (Daniel 9:25). that adds up to sixty-nine weeks, or four hundred and eighty three years. The commandment to restore and build Jerusalem, as completed by the decree of Artaxerxes Longimanus, went into effect in the autumn of 457 B.C. (Ezra 6:14; 7:1, 9) From this time, four hundred and eighty three years extend to the autumn of A.D. 27. According to this prophecy, this period was to reach to the Messiah, the Anointed One. 27 A.D. was the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar.

6. Thus the 69 weeks ended in Tiberius Caesar's 15th year. What happened that year?
"Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judaea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Ituraea and of the region of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene, Annas and Caiaphas being the high priests, the word of God came unto John the son of Zacharias in the wilderness. And he came into all the country about Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins; ... Now when all the people were baptized, it came to pass, that Jesus also being baptized, and praying, the heaven was opened, And the Holy Ghost descended in a bodily shape like a dove upon him, and a voice came from heaven, which said, Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased" (Luke 3:1-3, 21, 22).

At His baptism in A.D. 27, Jesus received the anointing of the Holy Spirit and soon afterward began His ministry. Then the message was proclaimed, "The time is fulfilled," (Mark 1:15).

Tiberius Caesar began his reign in A.D. 12 and it was in the fifteenth year of his reign (A.D. 27) that Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist in the river Jordan.

7. The Hebrew word "Messiah" ("Christ" in Greek) means "anointed." If Jesus was the Messiah, (a) How was He anointed, thereby becoming the Messiah; and (b) When did that happen?
"That word, I say, ye know, which was published throughout all Judaea, and began from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached; How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him" (Acts 10:37, 38).

"The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised," (Luke 4:18).

Christ came to preach the gospel to the poor. He reached the people where they were. He brought plain simple truth to their comprehension. How simple His language! Even the poorest, the most unlearned and ignorant could understand Him. Jesus at His baptism received the anointing (consecration) of the Holy Spirit, and soon afterwards began His ministry. The Old testament Scriptures stated plainly every detail of Christ's ministry.

8. Did Jesus recognize the fulfillment of this prophetic time?
"And saying, The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand: repent ye, and believe the gospel" (Mark 1:15).

Christ Himself had sent the disciples forth with the message "The time is fulfilled" (completed). That message was based on the message of Daniel 9. The sixty nine weeks were declared by the angel to extend to "the Messiah the Prince." Christ had come at the exact time and in the manner foretold by prophecy. For seven years after the Saviour entered on His ministry the Gospel was to be preached especially to the Jews; for three and a half years by Christ Himself, and afterward by the apostles.9. Although the Jewish people wanted a conqueror, what would happen to the Messiah sometime after 27 A.D."And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself:" (Daniel 9:26a).

In A.D. 31, three and a half years after His baptism, our Lord was crucified. With the great sacrifice offered upon Calvary, ended that system of offerings which for four thousand years had pointed forward to the Lamb of God. Type had met antitype and all the sacrifices and oblations of the ceremonial system were there to cease.

10. Jesus' baptism marked the end of the 69 weeks and the beginning of the 70th week of probationary time allotted to the Jewish nation. What would happen in the middle of this prophetic week?
"And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease," (Daniel 9:27a).

Jesus, who made the covenant, would put an end to animal sacrifices by Himself being "cut off" and becoming our sacrifice on the cross.

In the midst of the seventieth week, Messiah was to be cut off. Three and a half years after His baptism Christ was crucified, in the spring of A.D. 31. The seventy weeks, or 490 years, were to pertain especially to the Jews. At the expiration of this period the nation sealed its rejection of Christ by the persecution of His disciples, and the apostles turned to the Gentiles in A.D. 34.

11. Did Jesus understand the prophetic time period pointing forward to His being "cut off" and doing away with sacrifices?
"And it came to pass, when the time was come that he should be received up, he stedfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem," (Luke 9:51).

"Then Jesus said unto them, My time is not yet come: but your time is alway ready. The world cannot hate you; but me it hateth, because I testify of it, that the works thereof are evil. Go ye up unto this feast: I go not up yet unto this feast: for my time is not yet full come" (John 7:6-8).

"And he said, Go into the city to such a man, and say unto him, The Master saith, My time is at hand; I will keep the passover at thy house with my disciples" (Matthew 26:18).

As the close of His ministry drew near there was a change in Christ's manner of labor. Heretofore He had sought to shun excitement and publicity. He had refused the homage of the people and had passed quickly from place to place when the popular enthusiasm in His favor seemed kindling beyond control. Again and again He had commanded that none should declare Him to be the Christ. It was a false conception of the Messiah's work, and a lack of faith in the divine character of Jesus, that had led His brothers to urge Him to present Himself publicly to the people at the Feast of Tabernacles. Now, in a spirit akin to this, the disciples would have prevented Him from making the journey to Jerusalem. They remembered His words concerning what was to befall Him there, they knew the deadly hostility of the religious leaders, and they would fain have dissuaded their Master from going thither.

12. Since after Jesus' death there were still 3.5 years of the final (70th) week for special ministry to the Jewish people, where did Jesus tell His disciples to begin their witness?
"But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all Judaea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth" (Acts 1:8).

Christ's visible power was about to be withdrawn from the disciples, but a new endowment of power was to be theirs. The Holy Spirit was to be given them in its fullness, sealing them for their work. Christ told His disciples that they were to begin their work at Jerusalem. That city had been the scene of His amazing sacrifice for the human race. In Jerusalem were many who secretly believed Jesus of Nazareth to be the Messiah, and many who had been deceived by priests and rulers.

13. When did the gospel begin to go to the Gentiles?
"And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. ... And Saul was consenting unto his death. And at that time there was a great persecution against the church which was at Jerusalem; and they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judaea and Samaria, except the apostles. ... Therefore they that were scattered abroad went every where preaching the word" (Acts 7:59; 8:1, 4).

In the stoning of Stephen the Jewish nation once more rejected the covenant of mercy. The one week—seven years—ended in A.D. 34. Then by the stoning of Stephen the Jews finally sealed their rejection of the gospel. The disciples who were scattered abroad by persecution "went everywhere preaching the Word" (Acts 8:4), and shortly after Saul the persecutor was converted and became Paul the apostle to the Gentiles. The time of Christ's coming, His anointing by the Holy Spirit, His death, and the giving of the Gospel to the Gentiles were definitely pointed out. It was the privilege of the Jewish people to understand these prophecies and to recognize their fulfillment in the mission of Jesus. Christ urged upon His disciples the importance of prophetic study.

14. Was the Jewish nation still God's chosen people after 34 A.D.?
"For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh: But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God" (Romans 2:28, 29).

"Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof" (Matthew 21:43).

"But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should show forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light: Which in time past were not a people, but are now the people of God: which had not obtained mercy, but now have obtained mercy" (1 Peter 2:9-10).

After A.D. 34 the Jewish nation were no longer God's people as they had rejected the Lord Jesus Christ. As a consequence the Lord rejected Israel as His nation.

God is a Spirit; and they that worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth. True circumcision is the worship of Christ in spirit and truth, not in forms and ceremonies with hypocritical pretense.

15. Under the New Covenant, who are the true Israel?
"For ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus. For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. And if ye be Christ's, then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise" (Galatians 3:26-29).

"By the hearing of faith" they received the Spirit of God and became "the children of God by faith in Christ." From every quarter were coming accounts of the spread of the new doctrine by which Jews were released from the observance of the rites of the ceremonial law and Gentiles were admitted to equal privileges with the Jews as children of Abraham.

Caste is hateful to God. In His sight the souls of all men are of equal value. Without distinction of age, or rank or nationality, or religious privilege, all are invited to come unto Him and live. All who through Christ should become the children of faith were to be counted as Abraham's seed; they were inheritors of the covenant promises; like Abraham, they were called to guard and to make known to the world the Law of God and the gospel of His Son.

COMMITMENT
Jesus alone fulfills the prophecies of the Messiah. Through Him we can each become a part of God's true people—spiritual Israel. Is it your desire to be a part of God's true Israel today?


Source: http://www.projectrestore.com/bible_guides/someonecares/sc17.htm

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No man cometh unto the Father, but by me.


John 14

1Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me.

2In my Father's house are many mansions: if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you.

3And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again, and receive you unto myself; that where I am, there ye may be also.

4And whither I go ye know, and the way ye know.

5Thomas saith unto him, Lord, we know not whither thou goest; and how can we know the way?

6Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me.

7If ye had known me, ye should have known my Father also: and from henceforth ye know him, and have seen him.

8Philip saith unto him, Lord, show us the Father, and it sufficeth us.

9Jesus saith unto him, Have I been so long time with you, and yet hast thou not known me, Philip? he that hath seen me hath seen the Father; and how sayest thou then, Show us the Father?

10Believest thou not that I am in the Father, and the Father in me? the words that I speak unto you I speak not of myself: but the Father that dwelleth in me, he doeth the works.

11Believe me that I am in the Father, and the Father in me: or else believe me for the very works' sake.

12Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me, the works that I do shall he do also; and greater works than these shall he do; because I go unto my Father.

13And whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that will I do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son.

14If ye shall ask any thing in my name, I will do it.

15If ye love me, keep my commandments.

16And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever;

17Even the Spirit of truth; whom the world cannot receive, because it seeth him not, neither knoweth him: but ye know him; for he dwelleth with you, and shall be in you.

18I will not leave you comfortless: I will come to you.

19Yet a little while, and the world seeth me no more; but ye see me: because I live, ye shall live also.

20At that day ye shall know that I am in my Father, and ye in me, and I in you.

21He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that loveth me: and he that loveth me shall be loved of my Father, and I will love him, and will manifest myself to him.

22Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world?

23Jesus answered and said unto him, If a man love me, he will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and make our abode with him.

24He that loveth me not keepeth not my sayings: and the word which ye hear is not mine, but the Father's which sent me.

25These things have I spoken unto you, being yet present with you.

26But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you.

27Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth, give I unto you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid.

28Ye have heard how I said unto you, I go away, and come again unto you. If ye loved me, ye would rejoice, because I said, I go unto the Father: for my Father is greater than I.

29And now I have told you before it come to pass, that, when it is come to pass, ye might believe.

30Hereafter I will not talk much with you: for the prince of this world cometh, and hath nothing in me.

31But that the world may know that I love the Father; and as the Father gave me commandment, even so I do. Arise, let us go hence.

Thursday, September 24, 2009

'Fed' Scrawled on Census Worker, Found Hanged

A U.S. Census worker found hanged from a tree near a Kentucky cemetery had the word "fed" scrawled on his chest. The FBI is investigating whether he was a victim of anti-government sentiment. (Sept. 24)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iu9xBBbicsUhttp://



Police: census worker died of asphyxiation

The Associated Press MANCHESTER, Ky. -- Kentucky State Police say a census worker found dead near an eastern Kentucky cemetery died of asphyxiation.

The body of 51-year-old William E. Sparkman was found in rural Clay County on Sept. 12. State police said in a statement Thursday that Sparkman was found with a rope around his neck that was tied to a tree, but his body was in contact with the ground.

Capt. Lisa Rudzinski, commander of the Kentucky State Police post in London, says law enforcement "has not been able to rule out accidental death, suicide or homicide."


Source: http://www.kentucky.com/471/story/949786.html

Wednesday, September 23, 2009

Paul Chesser: Global warming propaganda infiltrates schools


Paul Chesser: Global warming propaganda infiltrates schools
By: Paul Chesser
OpEd Contributor



September 18, 2009 Scientists see no temperature increase (on average) in the oceans or on the surface of the Earth over the last decade. That hasn't stopped an activist group from infiltrating high schools with the panicky message that we are on the verge of a "planetary emergency" due to global warming.

These alarmists are the recently formed Alliance for Climate Education, an Oakland, Calif., nonprofit created by wealthy wind energy entrepreneur Michael Haas. The organization has targeted five metropolitan areas and now is opening a Washington office.

Haas, who donated $24,600 to President Obama's campaign and victory funds last year, stands to reap millions of dollars in government subsidies that climate change-driven energy policies would bring.

Meanwhile the teenagers targeted by ACE are treated to hip presentations with slick animation to propagate the idea that they and everyone in their spheres of influence must modify their behaviors so as to stop global warming. This is achieved by cutbacks in their energy use, which ACE believes produces too many greenhouse gases (from fossil fuel combustion like coal and oil) that warm the planet.

The mostly undiscerning kids love it. ACE, which lobbies school boards and administrators to get invited to give presentations, delivers its propaganda to hundreds of students at a time in assemblies. Getting out of class to watch an amusing talk highlighted by flatulent animated cows (to emphasize their methane emissions, another greenhouse gas) is good for plenty of laughs and scores big with the teens.

But ACE’s talks are infected with falsehoods, like telling the students they’ve “lived through the 10 hottest years on record” (1934 was the hottest) and that greenhouse gas emissions are cranking up the global thermostat "way too high". Talk about one-sided hyperbole to shape impressionable minds. Meanwhile, scientific studies like those that reveal we may be entering a prolonged cooling period, due to an inactive sun, are left out of climate discussion.

ACE has also targeted the San Francisco, Chicago, Los Angeles, Houston and Boston areas, and aims to reach 140,000 students by the end of this year. Its goal is simple: Get students active in the name of dubious (at best) global warming alarmism, demonize fossil fuels and push solutions such as alternative energy — like wind.

Unfortunately, many teachers and administrators are all too willing to let this biased bunch extract students from classes and force-feed them its pap. Parents should be aware that their kids might be the targets of this political recruitment effort during valuable class time.


Paul Chesser is a special correspondent for The Heartland Institute.





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Project Whitecoat


Project Whitecoat
The Adventist Contribution to Biowarfare





A U.S. Army project that ended over 25 years ago is once again the subject of scrutiny. Project Whitecoat was the Army's code name for a series of germ warfare studies conducted on about 2,300 Seventh-day Adventist servicemen from 1954 to 1973. Now the Army is investigating the long-term effects the project may have had on participants. Whitecoat veterans gathered recently for a reunion in Frederick, Maryland. Most are proud of the role they played in the nation's defense and report little or no adverse impact on their health, according to recent stories by the Associated Press[1] and National Public Radio[2]. While there may be few who support the use of human guinea pigs in biowarfare research, there are larger issues that are once again emerging from Project Whitecoat. They center around the role the Seventh-day Adventist Church played in the U.S. Army's development of chemical and biological weapons (CBW) of mass destruction.

Under strict secrecy, the U.S. Army established Camp Detrick outside of Frederick, Maryland during World War II for the sole purpose of developing germ weapons. The program was controlled by the Army's Chemical Warfare Service, a branch that had worked with gas weapons that were used by the U.S. in World War I. The Army began to study both the offensive and defensive aspects of biowarfare.

In 1952 the Army Medical Corps stationed a medical unit at Fort Detrick and in 1954 this unit began using Seventh-day Adventist soldiers in its research, presumably in the defensive aspects of germ warfare. In 1956 the medical unit was reorganized into a permanent and independent unit named the United States Army Medical Unit, Fort Detrick. In 1969 the name was changed again to the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). Fort Detrick was home to what became known as "Project Whitecoat," the code name for the group of Seventh-day Adventist soldiers who were used as human guinea pigs in biowarfare research.

Human Guinea Pigs Supplied by Adventist Church
Project Whitecoat was unique in the armed forces in that it exclusively used as test subjects soldiers who were Seventh-day Adventists. These young Adventist men had been drafted into the army and registered as "conscientious objectors," those who refused to perform combat roles on religious grounds. These objectors were given a 1-A-O classification and sent to the U.S. Army Medical Training Center at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. There they trained to be Army medics. It was from this non-combatant medical corps that the Army selected its test subjects for Project Whitecoat.

If only half of the non-combatants training at Fort Sam Houston were Seventh-day Adventists, why were Adventists the only ones selected from that pool of soldiers? The reason for this was a "handshake" agreement Adventist leaders had with the army. Spectrum magazine reported:

In October 1954 then Surgeon General George Armstrong sent a letter to Theodore R. Flaiz, secretary of the General Conference Medical Department, in which he noted that Lieutenant Colonel W. D. Tigertt, commanding officer of the medical unit at Fort Detrick, had been invited 'to present to representatives of the Seventh-day Adventist Conference a request for their assistance in the conduct of a study of the highest importance to our nation's health. Only through the use of volunteers can the necessary information be obtained.' [3] (emphasis supplied)

A warm reply from Doctor Flaiz was dated the following day. In that letter he acknowledged receiving Gen. Armstrong's letter and hearing the presentation by Col. Tigertt. Flaiz wrote:

We feel that if anyone should recognize a debt of loyalty and service for the many courtesies and considerations received from the Department of Defense, we, as Adventists, are in a position to feel a debt of gratitude for these kind considerations. The type of voluntary service which is being offered to our boys in this research problem offers an excellent opportunity for these young men to render a service which will be of value not only to military medicine but to public health generally. I believe I speak not only the sentiments of our administrative group in this office, but also of our Adventist young men in the services, in observing that it should be regarded as a privilege to be identified with the significant advanced step in clinical research. [4] (emphasis supplied)

It is clear that the army's correspondence with the church portrayed this joint venture as an important public health project which would yield "a significant advanced step in clinical research." For a denomination that prides itself for its emphasis on health, the opportunity to highlight their "humanitarian" zeal may have been too good to pass up. The Adventist Review later explained why the army sought the help of Adventists in its germ warfare program. The 1969 article states:

Adventist medical servicemen were known to be highly motivated for humanitarian service. Thus the Seventh-day Adventist Church was approached to ascertain whether this would be considered something an Adventist serviceman might be able to volunteer for. After thorough study, the Medical Department of the General Conference and the General Conference Committee agreed that this was humanitarian service of the highest type, and that any Adventist serviceman might feel free to volunteer.[5]

Colonel Dan Crozier, then commander of USAMRIID stated earlier that "because of high principles and temperate living, Adventist men are more nearly uniform in physical fitness and mental outlook. We find [Adventist] soldiers to be cooperative and willing to serve."[6]

Adventists' good health and humanitarianism did not render them immune to army flattery, according to Neil C. Livingston, a Seventh-day Adventist living in Spokane, Washington who has researched and written about Project Whitecoat. "They were flattered into this by the army," he said. "It was a big snow job."

After church officials agreed that Adventist draftees could participate in the research at Fort Detrick, Gen. Armstrong praised their belief in "the benefit of all mankind." Livingston contends that "the real opinion of the Army is that Seventh-day Adventists are the only ones dumb enough to volunteer their youth for such a dangerous ... project."

Road to Biological Warfare Paved with Good Intentions
"...entirely...defensive...and thus humanitarian."

The potential dangers of Project Whitecoat, as well as its relationship to offensive biological warfare are issues that were raised by several groups during the 1960's. In 1962 the Canadian news magazine Macleans reported:

Using human volunteers to test new chemical and biological agents is not without risk. The English experiments have resulted in at least one death which was discussed in the House of Commons. During the past ten years, in the American program, it is reported that there have been at least three deaths, and some 715 cases of illness and injury of "varying intensity." The American volunteers are recruited from the penitentiaries and the armed forces. Many of the human guinea pigs in the latter group have been young Seventh-Day Adventists. Pacifists by conviction, they prefer to engage in nonmilitant activities while in the army. [7]

Adventist church officials and the army insist that Project Whitecoat volunteers were used solely in defensive biological warfare research, or in the research of "infectious diseases" as they put it, and that USAMRIID was completely partitioned from offensive biological research at Fort Detrick. Army officials claim that Whitecoat volunteers contributed to the development of vaccines for yellow fever, hepatitis A, anthrax and plague, as well as still-experimental vaccines for tularemia, Q fever, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis.[8]

Clark Smith, former Director of the (Adventist) National Service Organization (NSO), a military chaplaincy department in the General Conference, reported that from 1956 to 1969 USAMRIID had published 160 papers in the professional journals of many countries. The unit's research is not classified and is freely available in any adequate medical library, supposedly making Project Whitecoat a significant contributor in the fight against infectious diseases around the world. [9]

The estimate of 160 research papers is misleading, however, in that this pertains to all research done at USAMRIID between 1956 and 1969. Project Whitecoat, a part of USAMRIID and the only program at Fort Detrick to use human guinea pigs, produced only five published research papers during the first twelve years of the project, and a total of 23 by the time the project closed in 1973.[10] The facade of "public health research" and "military medicine" was attempted by army and church officials but failed to hold up. Even Smith departed from the "public health" nonsense when he admitted:

[Project Whitecoat] goes back to the 1953-1954 period with the original concept for study to determine the vulnerability of man to attack with biological weapons and to test the efficacy of Q fever and tularemia vaccines.... [a concept carried forward to 1973].

It should be pointed out that since the published work of USAMRIID is freely available, those working in the offensive field may utilize this information as any other interested party might do. [A back door way of admitting the research benefited the offensive field].

However, in the opinion of this study committee the work of the Adventist volunteers in USAMRIID is entirely in the defensive area of biological warfare and thus humanitarian in nature. The committee feels that the efforts and sacrifices of these volunteers are perfectly proper for the Christian who wishes to enter this field. (emphasis supplied) [He admits Adventists were involved in biological warfare research].[11]

At this point the reasoning mind may have some difficulty reconciling "humanitarian" with "biological warfare." The question arises now as it did in the 60's: In what area of biological warfare should a Christian church involve itself?

Recruiting the Lambs
"...good old Adventist salesmanship"

The Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia states: "Another example of noncombatant heroism while in the service of their country is 'Operation Whitecoat', a project involving medical experimentation, staffed entirely by SDA volunteers.... " [12] (emphasis supplied) While that ratio may be due in part to the USAMRIID's partiality to Adventist specimens, statements by church officials and volunteers indicate the church was actively involved in recruiting Adventist boys into the project.

Along with his above statements, NSO director Clark Smith stated that Whitecoat "volunteers are recruited from military personnel during basic and Advanced Individual Training at the U.S. Army Medical Training Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas." [13] (emphasis supplied)

A 1963 Youth's Instructor article said that "during this period of training the Adventist draftees are given information concerning Operation Whitecoat. Two or three times each year the director of the project, Colonel Dan Crozier, of Frederick, Maryland, and Elder J. R. Nelson, secretary of the National Service Organization of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists travel to Texas to interview possible volunteers for the project." [14] (emphasis supplied)

"A friend of mine was attending Mount Ellis [Adventist] Academy in Bozeman, Montana," Neil Livingston told The WINDS. "When he graduated in 1957, he was recruited by NSO representatives..." into Project Whitecoat.[15]

Whitecoat veteran Cesar Vega wrote, "I did have a little college experience at La Sierra [Adventist] College. During that time I was told of the experiment for the first time (it wasn't called the Whitecoat Project yet and I was one of the very first to take part in the experiment).... Why I did it I still don't know. I'm sure it was mostly peer pressure and good old Adventist salesmanship." [16] (emphasis supplied)

Whitecoat veteran G. R. Bietz stated: "I don't recall how they recruited us ... I remember a man from the conference, I can still see his face, but I don't recall his name." [17] (emphasis supplied)

An article in an Adventist periodical states: "A colonel and a representative of the General Conference National Service Organization appeared at a special meeting [of draftees] and talked about an unusual medical research project and asked for volunteers." [18]

A General Conference man, along with a high official of the army, came to Fort Sam Houston to seek volunteers for a secret government program called "Project Whitecoat." It sounded like a good way to serve my country, and, after all, the program was endorsed by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. [19]

From the testimonies of church officials and draftees alike, it appears the role the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists played in Operation Whitecoat was not merely a passive sanctioning of church member participation. It appears, rather, that they actively recruited for the USAMRIID, acting in an adjunct capacity.

Were They Really Volunteers?
"The truth is, we were getting killed pretty good over there in Vietnam..."

The word "volunteer" runs throughout articles and documentation surrounding Project Whitecoat and, indeed, those that participated did "volunteer" for the project. After signing on, they remained free to withdraw from the project at any time. In accordance with the 1947 Nuremberg Code, Whitecoat volunteers were fully informed by competent physicians about the possible effects each experiment could have on their bodies. After becoming infected, volunteers were provided with excellent medical care and, yet, in spite of apparent quality assurances, it's clear that it was coercion that held the project together.

"The church had agreed with the government to convince these young men they should do this so they don't have to go to Vietnam," Livingston told the Associated Press in October [20]. It was the fear of facing combat duty as field medics in Vietnam or Korea that kept Project Whitecoat flush with new Adventist volunteers.

"We were told that if we did not volunteer we would receive combat duty overseas," one volunteer told Livingston in a telephone interview. "I volunteered for this experiment so I would not be sent overseas," wrote Wilson Wynn, another volunteer. [21] "The truth is, we were getting killed pretty good over there in Vietnam .... There's not too many of us [Adventists], I would think, that wouldn't have gone to Vietnam if we hadn't volunteered [for Whitecoat]," explained Whitecoat veteran Lester Bartholomew in an interview with The WINDS. [22]

"Most of the men who took part were draftees who chose Whitecoat rather than go to Korea or Vietnam", wrote John E. Keplinger, Chaplain (COL.) AUS, Ret. [23]

Evidently, it was fear rather than "humanitarian ideals" that kept Adventist's draftees in Project Whitecoat because as soon as the draft ended, the project folded, apparently for want of "volunteers," "The Whitecoat project was terminated in January 1973 with the end of the draft," wrote former USAMRIID commanding officer Col. Dan Crozier. [24] (emphasis supplied)


Q Fever Battlefield Simulations at Dugway
"We were not told this was a 'germ warfare' project..."

Tom Kopko was an Adventist who was drafted into the Army in 1954. He volunteered for Project Whitecoat and was among the first group of Adventist servicemen "to serve a highly classified experimental germ warfare project conducted at Fort Dugway, Utah," according to a statement he signed in 1989. [25] (emphasis supplied). "It sounded like a good way to serve my country, and, after all, the program was endorsed by the Seventh-day Adventist Church," he wrote. The project was a Q fever experiment performed on human test subjects at the Dugway Proving Ground where the Army conducts CBW testing. This is where many of the first Project Whitecoat volunteers were sent.

Kopko and his fellow volunteers were separated into eight groups of about ten soldiers each and transported to test locations about 25 miles out on the Utah salt flat. They were made to sit in chairs situated at different levels on a high wooden platform. Around them were cages of mice, monkeys and guinea pigs. Just after midnight, when wind conditions were right, the officers put on their gas masks and the test began. A cool mist laden with the infectious Q fever virus was dispersed on the volunteers by large fans or reportedly dropped from aircraft overhead. After becoming infected, the soldiers were flown back to Fort Detrick for tests and observation. Some soldiers did not go to Dugway to be exposed but, instead, inhaled the Q fever virus from a face mask at Fort Detrick.

Kopko reported getting mildly sick while there were others who got "deathly sick" from the experiment. "We had to pass by their rooms very quietly because the slightest noise would drive them crazy," he wrote. One of those was Cesar Vega, a Whitecoat volunteer from Riverside, California. He said that he was fine for a week after being contaminated at Dugway, but then came down with a terrible fever and lost consciousness. He awoke two days later to find the medical staff had covered him with ice in attempts to bring his fever down. He was sick for the next three weeks. The Q fever experiments at Dugway were conducted at the beginning of Project Whitecoat, while subsequent tests were done at the USAMRIID headquarters at Fort Detrick, Maryland.

"We were not told this was a 'germ warfare' project as I understand it really was," wrote Whitecoat veteran Harry V. Wiant, Jr., who participated in the Dugway Q fever experiments. [26]

Experiments with Tularemia
After initial experiments with Q fever, Project Whitecoat moved on to a host of other exotic diseases such as yellow fever, anthrax and tularemia, all potentially fatal. Lester Bartholomew was a 20-year old Seventh-day Adventist when he was drafted in the mid-sixties. He told The WINDS that he volunteered for Project Whitecoat while in basic training at Fort Sam Houston. After transferring to the Whitecoat unit at Fort Detrick, he participated in three projects where he was infected with tularemia, black plague and rabbit fever. During the first project he was infected by breathing from a face mask. The next two were administered by injection.

Bartholomew said he became extremely ill, coming down with a fever of 106 degrees at one point. The medical staff packed him in ice and took frequent blood samples. Bartholomew was hospitalized and recovered, but experienced reoccurring fever and fatigue after being discharged.

Thomas Ford is another Whitecoat veteran who was infected with tularemia. He, too, recovered after hospitalization, but after being discharged, he experienced a relapse of "high fever, chills and malaise" as well as "a chronic rapid heartbeat." [27]

About 2,300 Adventists were involved with Project Whitecoat between 1954 and 1973. The Veterans Administration has reportedly not recognized any claims related to the program.

The Big Lie
"My primary objection to the Q fever project was that it was misrepresented to us as a humanitarian undertaking, not germ warfare." Harry V. Wiant, Jr.

USAMRIID and the Seventh-day Adventist Church both have claimed the research performed on Adventist volunteers was purely defensive and yielded important vaccines and data. They have emphasized the separation between the offensive and defensive aspects of biowarfare, calling Project Whitecoat "the study of infectious diseases," a phrase that carries a purely medical connotation. But is "defensive" and "offensive" CBW research as separate as black and white? Isn't "germ warfare" another way of saying "infectious disease warfare?"

The advent of Project Whitecoat in 1954 corresponded with the U.S. Army's increasing reliance on CBW as a viable component of its overall strategy. In 1959 the Army commissioned a public relations campaign code named "Operation Blue Skies" that was intended to create a positive image of CBW in the public mind. Alarmed by the trend, Wisconsin Congressman Kastenmeir introduced a resolution reaffirming the U.S. policy since WWII that this country would not use CBW first in military conflict. In a speech on the floor he warned that the army was trying to reverse this policy. His resolution failed, largely because of the active opposition of the Departments of Defense and State.

Corresponding with the army's "Blue Skies" campaign was a series of articles by Don A. Roth in the Youth's Instructor, an Adventist periodical, in October 1963. Roth related the story of young army private Tom Kopko, a Whitecoat volunteer, who had just boarded an army air transport headed for Fort Dugway, Utah. While in his seat the young private thought back to his basic training. Roth wrote:

The place was Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and he had nearly completed his post induction basic training. A colonel and a representative of the General Conference National Service Organization appeared at a special meeting and talked about an unusual medical research project and asked for volunteers. He did not then quite understand all of the fine details about the program, but he felt that he should join the project. The full and complete answer to his queries gave him assurance that this was a worthwhile undertaking. His patriotic blood surged through him as he anticipated doing something of material benefit for his country. His name went on the dotted line. [28]

When compared to Kopko's 1989 statement, it is clear this story was a sanitized promotion of Adventist participation in CBW research. In a second article Roth wrote:

The project simply involves medical experimentation. But as a result of this activity the Army Medical Service has made material advances in the development of suitable methods of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. As these studies reach completion the information gained is reported directly to the medical profession of the United States. Thus all citizens benefit from the program, not only members of the armed forces. [29]

However, some army physicians apparently had more scruples than the Seventh-day Adventist Church as to the possible implications of "medical experimentation." This led USAMRIID commander Col. Tigertt, in an article published in Military Medicine the same year, to criticize physicians who balked because of the moral implications. He wrote:

What is surprising is that many physicians have refused to deal with the [research] problem. They explain their apathy by stating that ethics prohibit their participation in any endeavor, the derivatives of which might be used to produce suffering or cause loss of life.... Such attitudes, whether fully developed or not, cannot be ignored because they seriously hamper efforts to get appropriate investigations under way. [30] (emphasis supplied)

This apparent "apathy" targeted by Col. Tigertt was caused by that Hippocratic oath which says:

I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but never with a view to injury and wrongdoing. Neither will I administer poison to anybody when asked to do so, nor will I suggest such a course. (emphasis supplied)

Perhaps the Code of Ethics in Wartime of the World Medical Association also dampened research enthusiasm by stating: "It is deemed unethical for doctors to weaken the physical and mental strength of a human being without therapeutic justification and to employ scientific knowledge to imperil health or destroy life." [31] (emphasis supplied)

Was this the same Col. Tigertt, so eager to subvert the oath to "do no harm," the one who swept Adventists off their feet by offering the opportunity to participate "in the conduct of a study of the highest importance to our nation's health?" It was and, yet, the "humanitarian" veneer is so thin that this program's fangs protrude at almost every point.

A Nerve Gas Accident and More Lies
Five years after the Col. Tigertt and Youth's Instructor articles appeared, uncomfortable questions arose over CBW and its support from "medical research." This began with an apparent accident at the Dugway Proving Grounds, the same installation where Project Whitecoat volunteers were infected with the Q fever virus.

On March 24, 1968 the Associated Press reported that on March 13 a mist of lethal nerve gas "was blown 30 miles from a top-secret army chemical warfare test area ... killing 6,400 sheep in western Utah's Skull Valley." [32]

The accident may have served to awaken some people about the potentially devastating effects of CBW. Almost a year later, NBC's First Tuesday ran a segment on the topic of CBW. The program showed the effect of various agents on animals, and then interviewed a young Seventh-day Adventist man who had been a Project Whitecoat volunteer.

In July, 1969 CBS's 60 Minutes examined the subject of CBW. Again a young Project Whitecoat volunteer was interviewed. Evidently, the news media wasn't buying the "we're only involved in defensive research" line. This troubled the Adventist leadership, which responded with two articles in the Adventist Review defending the church's participation in Project Whitecoat. The article in the March 20, 1969 issue reads:

The United States Government decided that as soon as a definitive treatment could be developed for a disease, the findings would be given wide publicity in medical journals around the world. This publicity would effectively remove that particular disease from the potential arsenal of biological warfare. At the same time it would also spread medical knowledge on treatment worldwide, so that those presently afflicted by that particular disease could be helped.

The author of the Review article defends the research conducted at USAMRIID on the premise that as treatments are developed for a particular disease, it would be removed from the potential arsenal of biological warfare. Thus non-combatants and the Adventist Church at large would help eradicate biological warfare by participating in the defensive research at USAMRIID, according to the Review. Perhaps this author also had some swamp land and a bridge to sell.


Project Whitecoat Essential to Offensive Biowarfare
A Spectrum magazine article invites a far different conclusion, one that suggests that Project Whitecoat has actually served to expand the CBW arsenal. Martin Turner wrote in 1970:

As we have already seen, it is not certain that the existence of an effective treatment or vaccine for a disease is sufficient to ensure its removal "from the potential arsenal of biological warfare." In fact, such treatment must exist for the disease to be included in that arsenal. (emphasis supplied)

The U.S. Army learned well in World War I, a war that produced over a million casualties from gas weapons alone, that any unforeseen shift in the wind brings your agent right back on your own men. Biological warfare is the same. An army's leadership would be criminally negligent to use a biological agent anywhere near their own personnel unless bio-countermeasures like vaccines were logistically in place. Launching CB weapons without these would be the same as shooting one's self in the foot, except on a much larger and deadlier scale.

The value of "defensive" measures such as vaccines to a CBW offensive was underscored by microbiologist Ivan Malek who said, "In the case of intended microbiological attack it is possible to prepare one's own personnel, for instance, by vaccination against selected microorganisms, so that they would not be seriously endangered when entering the infected area." [33] In other words, before launching anthrax at the enemy, our soldiers would be inoculated with vaccines which may have been tested on Project Whitecoat volunteers at USAMRIID.

Martin Turner confirmed this with Project Whitecoat commander Col. Crozier, who admitted the integral role USAMRIID played in the offensive CBW mission. Turner wrote:

The medical unit furnishes the offensive research laboratory with vaccines developed through experiments on Whitecoat volunteers. Colonel Crozier acknowledged that these vaccines are indispensable to the work of the researchers in the offensive area and that they would have to develop the vaccines themselves if the medical service did not. He saw no ethical problem, however, and explained that "we are engaged only in the study of infectious diseases and we can't help what use others may make of our work. I have no problem at all reconciling my work here with medical ethics, none at all." (emphasis supplied)

The fuzzy line dividing the apparent "offensive" and "defensive" sides of germ warfare all but disappears, leaving even casual observers to conclude that they are one and the same. This was the conclusion of Dr. Malek who said:

One of the characteristic features of biological weapons is that it is difficult to distinguish work done purely for defensive ends from that which is mainly offensive .... That is why military establishments working on the development of these weapons do it mostly under the label of defense. [34] (emphasis supplied)

Turner also quoted from CBW expert Elinor Langer who said:

With few exceptions, such as development of detection and protective equipment, little CBW research can be accurately described as defensive.... Because of the nature of chemical and biological weapons, research even in seemingly 'pure' areas, such as the development of vaccines, has at least equal implications for offensive and defensive use. [35]

Perhaps the clearest evidence pointing to the true mission of Project Whitecoat may be found in an army CBW manual which states clearly that "CB defense is a prerequisite to attack capability." [36]

While doing research for the Spectrum article, Turner interviewed Congressman Richard McCarthy who was an opponent of CBW in the late sixties. Turner wrote of McCarthy:

At a conference on CBW in December [1969] he stated that he was convinced by his investigation that Project Whitecoat was being used for offensive rather than defensive purposes. "The whole thrust of it in its essential conception was a deterrent one, an offensive one, that we threaten to use a disease on somebody else if they use it on us. Now what they have done of a defensive nature is minimal and they even admit it themselves. We don't have any measures to inoculate the American people against this kind of germ warfare.... My knowledge of [Project Whitecoat], and I base that on the statements made by very responsible people, is that it is offensive not defensive and that the Seventh-day Adventists are being duped." (emphasis supplied)

Whitewash, Stonewall and Lie, Lie, Lie
On November 27, 1969, the Adventist Review printed an interview with (Adventist) National Service Organization director Clark Smith. Smith's comments echoed the statements made in the Review article of March 20 that not only defended church participation in Project Whitecoat but, in so many words, defended the entire CBW program at Fort Detrick. Smith's apparent damage control was strangely absent of the slightest open mindedness toward the charge that Project Whitecoat might be aiding offensive capability in some way. Absent was even the slightest disapproval towards the development of germ weapons that he conceded were being developed at Fort Detrick. It is apparent that the church leadership lacked any sort of healthy distrust of the government's secret germ warfare program.

In his defense of Project Whitecoat, Smith relied heavily on a Clintonesque legal definition of defensive and offensive research at Fort Detrick, i.e., USAMRIID and offensive research were under different commands and in completely separate buildings on the base. He said the only connection between the two was "a piece of experimental equipment costing in excess of a million dollars" that they shared, and he almost praised the "financial prudence" of the army for not duplicating this expenditure.

Smith also asserted that USAMRIID facilities were "open" to any visitor "with a purpose" and that its research findings were released to the public, whereas the offensive research unit was enclosed behind a fence, open only to those with the proper clearance, its findings classified. All clerical paperwork connected with Project Whitecoat was completed by Adventist officials "so that there is nothing secretive about the entire project," Smith claimed. [37] Smith criticized the "current agitation" of those who questioned the church's contribution to CBW research, scolding them over "the importance of getting the facts and getting them straight."

It is quite clear that if Seventh-day Adventists believed their leadership, they didn't get the facts straight. Their leaders failed to reveal the cozy relationship between defensive and offensive CBW research which has been evidenced by qualified experts. When questions arose within the denomination, the General Conference appointed a committee to investigate. In 1969 this committee went to then USAMRIID commander Col. Dan Crozier who assured them that Project Whitecoat was purely defensive. Col. Crozier even went so far as to claim that "no serviceman has ever received any vaccine until he and some of his staff of researchers had tried it in their own bodies for any untoward effects," a preposterous falsehood Smith passed on to church congregations with a straight face.

Instead of investigating further, the committee stopped with their interview with Col. Crozier and issued the conclusion that "the work of the Adventist volunteers in USAMRIID is entirely in the defensive area of biological warfare and thus humanitarian in nature." It is the opinion of some Adventists that this is the conclusion the church leadership sought. In other words, it was a whitewash.

Needless to say, the separation between the two CBW programs was not as airtight as the church led its members to believe. Whitecoat veteran Tom Kopko, in his 1989 statement, said that the Q fever experiments he participated in were "secret" or classified and hidden from the public, just as the offensive program was. "We were ordered not to say anything for ten years," he said. In fact, all Adventist volunteers in Project Whitecoat had to receive a "secret" security clearance before going "on project."

Whitecoat veteran Lester Bartholomew told The WINDS that he had to wait for five months before receiving his security clearance. He and one other Adventist were then assigned to work in building 427 which housed the virology division of the offensive CBW research unit, a "hot area" requiring a top secret clearance. This was his "duty station" between projects. Bartholomew said that his job was to ship the "bad stuff," glass vials containing biological agents, to military posts around the world including Fort Dugway, Utah and Guam which was a supply staging area for the Vietnam War. Bartholomew suspects much of the "bad stuff" he packaged and shipped was used in Vietnam. At one point, a virology staffer told him that if he dropped the two vials he was handling, he would "wipe out the state of Maryland."

Bartholomew realized that Project Whitecoat was really offensive in nature when he was "on project." In the clinic he spent an entire week before a box that flashed lights and numbers, requiring him to do quick calculations to test his mental reflexes. The tests were repeated after he had been infected with tularemia. At one point, Bartholomew asked one of the people administering the test what it was all about. "Well, if we've got the enemy sick, we can tell how it will effect them," was the response. "Since then, I tell you what, I don't trust the government and I don't trust the church because they both lied to me," Bartholomew told The WINDS.

Why the Seventh-day Adventist Church?
The Seventh-day Adventist Church places great emphasis on health, perhaps more than any other Christian denomination. Its system of hospitals and clinics can be found in many countries, and it is proud of its achievements in medical research and health education. Adventist teachings warn against the use of alcohol, tobacco and flesh meats, and abstinence from these are generally required for church membership. Historically, the church has anticipated a threat to their religious liberties from the circles of government, making even greater the following dichotomy: how does a Christian church that places such strong emphasis on health, that anticipates a threat from government, be found at the forefront of a germ warfare research program in partnership with the government?

"It seemed like they were just trying to get along with the government and stroke the government so they wouldn't have any problems," Lester Bartholomew told The WINDS. "As a church we really want to get along with you, we don't want to be known as a cult, and so we provide you with guinea pigs," was the church's reasoning.

Other Adventists point to the mid-fifties when this shift occurred in the thinking of Adventist leadership. The church historically remained separate from the other Christian denominations, but changed that stance when it joined the Evangelical conferences of 1955-56. This move into the ecumenical movement coincided with the advent of Project Whitecoat, both a result of the church's quest for acceptance in the mainstream.

"No other church would have gotten away with this," Neil Livingston told The WINDS. He points to court cases in the 70's and 80's establishing that "the Seventh-day Adventist Church is the most centralized of all major Christian denominations in this country."[33] Livingston asserts that the church is hierarchical rather than congregational, with power flowing from the top down rather than the other way around. This made Adventist leaders in Takoma Park, Maryland useful agents to military brass in nearby Frederick and Washington. Centralized church government gave NSO officials the leverage they needed to recruit Adventist boys into Project Whitecoat. "Other denominations would have never tolerated this type of outside interference" from church leaders, said Livingston, citing the loose, congregational type structure of other Protestant denominations.

Livingston also cited the Adventist educational system's impact on the church culture as another reason for their usefulness to the army. "From the time these youngsters enter high school, they are away from home," he said. Many Adventist children go away to church boarding school and then to college where they live in dormitories. "The church has them from a young age ... and this has caused them to look at the leadership with awe," thus making them more vulnerable to suggestions from the top as happened with Project Whitecoat.

Responsibility
Project Whitecoat ended 25 years ago with the end of the draft. It would seem that time has relegated this subject to the "case closed" file, a footnote to the Vietnam era and the Cold War. This may be so, but it still provides an interesting lesson on how the Christian churches in the United States have sold out to the ruling powers behind the scenes. Project Whitecoat was only one step on that road upon which the Adventist church and its fellow Protestants have traveled far. It may be safe to say they have reached the end of that road -- the end of their usefulness to those in power.

Another reason Project Whitecoat remains worthy of examination is the issue of responsibility, from which no person or church can escape. Even though a biological weapons convention (BCW) was signed in 1972, it lacks verification and enforcement and permits "defensive" research. This research speeds along, producing such nightmare weapons as Israel's "ethnic bullet" that targets only the Arab genetic structure. Bio-technologies such as these are the cutting edge, and how much of it builds upon the research done at USAMRIID prior to 1973?

There are enormous stockpiles of an aging generation of CBW ordinance, much of it produced during the heyday of Project Whitecoat. This ordinance is now unstable, as are the world's political structures. Only one or a number of calamities working together could release a deadly pestilence. The Seventh-day Adventist Church, because of its phony pretense to good health and good works, would share a large portion of the curse such a disaster would bring.

The issues surrounding CBW are myriad. There are moral issues at stake over the manipulation of life forms for the purpose of mass killing. There are the issues of when to use them if they are available. There are issues over compensation to its victims, both civilian and military. All of these continue to remain unsettled, as are the mysterious illnesses and deaths surrounding several Whitecoat veterans and, more recently, thousands of Gulf War veterans.

Hypocrisy
The issues that loom larger than everything else is the spectre of hypocrisy, the weightiest crime in the cosmic scales. Some may see no issue; Adventists merely traded the battlefield for a research laboratory. While this may be true for those who believe in war, it is not true for Seventh-day Adventists who historically refused to participate in war. In 1864 their General Conference wrote to Michigan governor Austin Blair stating the Adventists take the Bible as their guide and "are unanimous in their views that its teachings are contrary to the spirit and practice of war. ... Hence our people have not felt free to enlist into the service."

The following year their General Conference issued a statement which declared that Adventists "acknowledge the justice of rendering tribute, custom, honor, and reverence to the civil power, as enjoined in the New Testament. While we thus cheerfully render to Caesar the things which the Scriptures show to be his, we are compelled to decline all participation in acts of war and bloodshed, as being inconsistent with the duties enjoined upon us by our divine Master toward our enemies and toward all mankind."

This is the true meaning of "conscientious objector" -- one who refuses to participate in war on grounds of conscience, but Adventists stretched this meaning over the years to permit service as field medics and Whitecoat volunteers, even though the Army field manual clearly stated that "the mission of the medical service in a theatre of operations is to contribute to the success of the military effort." [38] Thus, by maintaining a benevolent exterior and while purchasing peace from the government, Adventists abstained from having to kill a few of the enemy on the battlefield in favor of assisting in the killing of potential millions. This is worthy of our strongest condemnation. We will borrow Martin D. Turner's closing paragraphs in the Spectrum article where he wrote:

A conscience that is sensitive to the dangers of coffee and wedding rings, but fails to be concerned with the moral implications of participation in biological warfare research, and in war itself, must seem paradoxical to a great many thinking people. [Then Turner quotes Dr. Malek:]

The guardians of the Adventist Church ... are content with a morality of form without substance, one in which the arts of disease can be presented as the healing arts, and in which germ warfare can be embraced in pious obedience to divine injunction against death. [39]

Notes:

Adventists debate church role in Vietnam-era warfare research, David Dishneau, Associated Press, October 8, 1998.
All Things Considered, National Public Radio, October 13, 1998. (Requires RealAudio player).
PROJECT WHITECOAT, Martin D. Turner, Spectrum magazine, Summer, 1970.
ibid.
PROJECT WHITECOAT, Adventist Medics in America volunteer to Serve Humanity, Adventist Review, March 20, 1969
OPERATION WHITECOAT (part II), Don A. Roth, The Youth's Instructor, October 15, 1963.
PSYCHOCHEMICAL WEAPONS, Sydney Katz, Associate Editor of Macleans, April 21, 1962.
see reference 1.
PROJECT WHITECOAT, An Interview with CLARK SMITH, Director of the National Service Organization, Adventist Review, November 27, 1969.
see reference 3.
see reference 9.
Seventh-Day Adventist Encyclopedia, Second Revised Edition, Art. "Noncombatancy."
see reference 9.
see reference 6.
Letters and statements related to Project Whitecoat obtained from Neil C. Livingston who contributed some of his research to this report.
Letter from Cesar Vega dated 10-12-89 (ref. 15).
Telephone interview with G. R. Bietz, 11-9-89 (ref. 15).
OPERATION WHITECOAT (part I), Don A. Roth, The Youth's Instructor, October 8, 1963.
Statement by Whitecoat veteran Thomas Kopko, signed October 10, 1989 (ref. 15).
See reference 1.
Letter from Wilson Wynn dated 10-12-89 (ref. 15).
Lester Bartholemew of Oregon in phone interview with The WINDS, 10-19-98.
Letter from John E. Keplinger, Chaplain (COL.) AUS, Ret. dated 10-12-89 (ref. 15).
Letter from Colonel Dan Crozier, USA MC, Ret.CommandingOfficer, USAMRIID [Project Whitecoat] dated 11-7-89 (ref. 15).
See reference 19.
Letter from Harry V. Wiant, Jr. dated 11-15-89 (ref. 15).
See reference 1.
See reference 18.
See reference 6.
W. D. Tigertt, Status of Medical Research Effort, Military Medicine, pp. 142, 143, (February 1963) in Turner (ref. 3).
World Medical Association, Code of Ethics in Wartime (New York: 1956) in Turner (ref. 3).
Associated Press as printed in the Newark Sunday News, Sec. 1, March 24, 1968.
Dr. Ivan Malek quoted by Stephen Rose (editor), CBW: Chemical and Biological Warfare (Boston: Beacon Press 1969), p. 124. in Turner (ref. 3).
ibid.
Elinor Langer, Chemical and Biological Warfare, Science 155, 174-179 and 299-305 (January 13 and 20, 1969) in Turner (ref. 3).
United States Army Field Manual FM 101-140, Armed Forces Doctrine for Chemical and Biological Weapons Employment (1962), p.10.
See references 3 and 9.
Army Field Manual FM 8-10, Medical Service Theatre of Operations.
Reference 3, Turner also quotes from reference 33 in final paragraph.

Written 11/08/98
.