Saturday, November 24, 2007

50th ANNIVERSARY OF QUESTIONS ON DOCTRINE

Questions on Doctrine

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Cover of Questions on Doctrine
Cover of Questions on Doctrine
"qod" redirects here. For the medical abbreviation, see List of medical abbreviations#Q.

Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine (often abbreviated "Questions on Doctrine", or "QOD") is a book originally published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church in 1957 to help reconcile Adventists and conservative Protestants. The book generated greater acceptance of the Adventist church within the evangelical community, where it had previously been widely regarded as a cult. However, it also proved to be one of the most controversial publications in Adventist history[1] — the release of the book brought prolonged alienation and separation both within Adventism and evangelicalism.

Although no authors are listed on the title of the book (credit is given to "a representative group" of Adventist "leaders, Bible teachers and editors"), the primary contributors to the book were Le Roy Edwin Froom, Walter E. Read, and Roy Allan Anderson (sometimes referred to as "FREDA").

The term has come to refer to the meetings between Adventists and conservative Protestants as a whole, in addition to the book itself.

The original 1957 edition of Questions on Doctrine can be read online at SDAnet.

Contents


History

Background

The publication of Questions on Doctrine grew out of a series of conferences between a few Adventist spokepersons and Protestant representatives from 1955 to 1956. The roots of this conference originated in a series of dialogues between Pennsylvania conference president, T. E. Unruh, and evangelical Bible teacher and magazine editor Donald Grey Barnhouse. Unruh was particularly concerned because of a scathing review written by Barnhouse about Ellen White's book, Steps to Christ. In the spring of 1955 Barnhouse commissioned Walter Martin to write a book about Seventh-day Adventists. Martin requested a meeting with Adventist leaders so that he could question them about their beliefs.

The first meeting between Martin and Adventist leaders occurred in March 1955. Martin was accompanied by George Cannon and met with Adventist representatives Le Roy Edwin Froom and W. E. Read. Later Roy Allan Anderson and Barnhouse joined these discussions. Initially both sides viewed each other with suspicion as they worked through a list of 40 questions. Central to these concerns were four alleged items of Adventist theology: (1) the atonement was not completed at the cross; (2) salvation is the result of grace plus the works of the law; (3) Jesus was a created being, not from all eternity; and (4) that Jesus partook of man's sinful, fallen nature at the incarnation.

The most problematic topic was the Adventist understanding of the human nature of Christ. Earlier William H. Branson, Adventist General Conference President, had written that Christ "took upon Himself sinful flesh."[citation needed] (By 1953 the statement had been omitted from his book.) Most Adventists prior to 1950 agreed with this statement.[citation needed] Froom appears to have misled evangelical leaders because he gave the impression to Martin that Adventists had always believed in the sinless human nature of Christ. Despite this shortfall, what was clear to Froom and others was that they needed to articulate Adventist beliefs in language that evangelicals could understand.

By the summer of 1956 the small group of evangelicals became convinced that Seventh-day Adventists were sufficiently orthodox to be considered Christian. Barnhouse published his conclusions in the September 1956 issue of Eternity magazine in the article, "Are Seventh-day Adventists Christians?"[2] In it, they concluded, "Seventh-day Adventists are a truly Christian group, rather than an anti-Christian cult."[3] This greatly surprised its readers, and 6,000 canceled their subscriptions in protest![4]

Following this announcement, Adventists were gradually invited to participate in Billy Graham's crusades.[5]

Conflict within Adventism

In Barnhouse's article it was stated that most Adventists believed in the sinless human nature of Christ and those who did not were part of the "lunatic fringe." M. L. Andreasen, a conservative Adventist theologian, took exception to this statement.

Further hostilities broke out between Andreasen and Froom in February 1957 after Froom published an article on the atonement in Ministry magazine. In this article Froom argued that the atonement was a "full and complete sacrifice."[citation needed] He furthermore asserted that "the sacrificial act on the cross [is] a complete, perfect, and final atonement for man's sins."[citation needed] Froom's articulation of the atonement was in stark contrast to Andreasen's beliefs. Andreasen articulated a three-phase understanding of the atonement. In the first phase Christ lived a perfect life despite having a fallen nature. During the second phase the death of Christ on the cross occurred. And finally, during the third phase (the focal point of his theology), Christ demonstrates that man can do what He did. Satan was not defeated at the cross but would be defeated by the "last generation" in its demonstration that an entire generation of people could live a sinlessly perfect life.[6]

Questions on Doctrine inflamed the tensions over these issues because it defined the death of Jesus as a complete work of atonement and asserted that Jesus possessed a sinless human nature. It thus reflected Froom's theology while contradicting Andreasen's.

As a consequence, Andreasen embarked on a campaign against QOD. He published a series of responses to Froom in 9 papers written in 1957/1958 and in a series of booklets entitled Letters to the Churches (1959). On April 6, 1961, Andreasen's ministerial credentials were suspended by the church because of his ongoing public protests against church leadership. He died on Feb. 19, 1962. On March 1, 1962 the General Conference executive committee revoked its earlier decision.

Evangelicals Divided Over Questions on Doctrine

In 1960, Walter Martin published his own response to Questions on Doctrine, entitled The Truth About Seventh-day Adventism,[7] which had wide circulation.[8] The book carried with it a disclaimer that only those Adventists whose theology agreed with Questions on Doctrine were true members of the body of Christ.[citation needed] From June 1960 till July 1961 Ministry published a long series of responses to continued inquiries about points of differences. These articles (available online)[9] were reprinted as the book Doctrinal Discussions.

There were other evangelicals who disagreed with Martin and Barnhouse's positive assessment of Adventism. In 1962 Norman F. Douty published Another Look at Seventh-day Adventism and Herbert S. Bird Theology of Seventh-day Adventism, both of which argued that Adventists were still a cult. The majority of Christians today follow Martin's view that Adventism is not a sect.

Legacy

Church historian George R. Knight wrote,

"The publication of Questions on Doctrine did more than any other single event in Adventist history to create what appear to be permanently warring factions within the denomination."[10]
"Official Adventism may have gained recognition as being Christian from the evangelical world, but in the process a breach had been opened which has not healed in the last 50 years and may never heal."[10]

Herbert Douglass agreed,

"most, if not all, of the so-called 'dissident' or 'independent' groups of the last 45 years are direct results of the explicit and implicit positions espoused by [Questions on Doctrine] on the atonement and the Incarnation."[11]

Around 138,000 to 147,000 copies were circulated, but the book was so controversial that attempts to reprint it were blocked after 1963.[8] Evangelicals including Walter Martin himself continued to call for the book to be reprinted. In an interview around 1986 with Adventist Currents, Martin said

"If the Seventh-day Adventist [Church] will not back up its answers with actions and put Questions on Doctrine back in print... then they're in real trouble that I can't help them out of; and nobody else can either"[12]

"It's a very positive and aggressive statement of Adventist beliefs", according to George Knight.[8] "This book played an important role in the history of the Adventist Church", according to Gerhard Pfandl.[8]

It was not republished until Andrews University Press independently chose to reprint the book in 2003 as part of their "Adventist Classic Library" series. This new edition contained annotations and a historical introduction by George R. Knight.[13] The text of the book had also been available online for several years prior to this republishing, through a private website.[8]

Questions on Doctrine generated a vocal minority theological movement which backs the theology of Andreasen and opposes the teaching set forward in the book. These "historic Adventists" perceive Questions on Doctrine as representing a major departure from traditional Adventist teaching, and believe that its publication has been harmful to the church. Other Adventists feel that Questions on Doctrine represents a courageous and insightful restatement of Adventist theology, while acknowledging that the book is not free from fault. For instance, it is clear that the authors pushed the facts too far with regard to Adventism's historic understanding of the Trinity, and present data about the human nature of Christ in a way that presents a false impression.

In 2005 Julius Nam, a doctoral student of George Knight, defended his dissertation on Questions on Doctrine.[14]

50th anniversary conference

A scholarly conference celebrating the 50th anniversary of the book's publication was held from October 24–27, 2007 at Andrews University in Michigan. Scholars, church leaders and pastors from widely varying positions on the Adventist theological spectrum will join with non-Adventist evangelical scholars interested in Questions on Doctrine for dialogue.

The keynote speakers were Herbert Douglass, George Knight and Ángel Rodríguez. Other presenters are Roy Adams, Edith L. Blumhofer, Larry Christoffel, Donald Dayton, Denis Fortin, Larry Kirkpatrick, David R. Larson, Paul McGraw, John McVay, A. Leroy Moore, Douglas Morgan, Julius Nam, Arthur Patrick, Jon Paulien, Richard Rice, Kenneth Samples, Nikolaus Satelmajer, Ciro Sepulveda, Colin and Russell Standish, Alberto R. Timm, Mervyn Warren and Woodrow Whidden.[15] The organizers were Julius Nam and Michael Campbell, young Adventist scholars specializing in Adventist history.[16]

Online materials from the conference include entries on the Spectrum Blog by theologians Richard Rice and David Larson, and also by Bill Cork. Arthur Patrick's paper is available online.

Topics

Questions on Doctrine addressed the following topics:

See also

References

  1. ^ George Knight in the annotated edition describes the original as "the most divisive book in Seventh-day Adventist history", p.xiii
  2. ^ Donald Grey Barnhouse, "Are Seventh-day Adventists Christians?" Eternity, September 1956, 7.
  3. ^ as quoted by Loren Dickinson
  4. ^ Richard Schwartz, Light Bearers to the Remnant (Boise, Idaho: Pacific Press, 1979), 544; as quoted by Dickinson
  5. ^ Dickinon
  6. ^ M. L. Andreasen, The Sanctuary Service, chapter entitled "The Last Generation"
  7. ^ Walter Martin, The Truth about Seventh Adventists (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1960)
  8. ^ a b c d e Questions on Doctrine Annotated, Republished by Mark Kellner. Adventist Review
  9. ^ a b Articles from Ministry (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald), ISSN 0026-5314. Accessed 2007-11-16:
  10. ^ a b (2003) in George R. Knight: Questions on Doctrine: Annotated Edition. Berrien Springs, Michigan: Andrews University Press, v, 522. ISBN 1-883925-41-X.
  11. ^ as quoted on http://qod.andrews.edu/index.html
  12. ^ "Currents Interview: Walter Martin" in Adventist Currents, July 1983, 15. Text as quoted by Kellner
  13. ^ World Church: "Questions on Doctrine" Book Annotated, Republished, Adventist News Network, 18 November 2003.
  14. ^ Juhyeok Nam (2005). Reactions to the Seventh-day Adventist Evangelical Conferences and Questions on Doctrine 1955-1971. Berrien Springs, Michigan: Andrews University. Chapter 4 available online.
  15. ^ http://qod.andrews.edu/presenters.html
  16. ^ QOD conference bulletin one by Richard Rice

For a review of the annotated edition, see Julius Nam, Andrews University Seminary Studies 44:1, p.185-86

External links

Online edition

The original 1957 edition of QuQuestions on Doctrine can be read online at SDAnet. It is also available at the Adventist Archives.

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